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ALJ/BWM/tcg DRAFT Agenda ID #9730

Decision PROPOSED DECISION OF ALJ MATTSON (Mailed 8/24/2010)

BEFORE THE PUBLIC UTILITIES COMMISSION OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

Order Instituting Rulemaking to Continue

Implementation and Administration of

California Renewables Portfolio Standard

Program.

Rulemaking 08-08-009

(Filed August 21, 2008)

DECISION ADOPTING THE RENEWABLE AUCTION MECHANISM

Appendix A - Summary of Adopted Program

Appendix B - Acronyms

Appendix C - Duration of Prices and TOD Periods

DECISION ADOPTING THE RENEWABLE AUCTION MECHANISM

1. Summary

We ordered the use of tariffs and standard contracts in July 2007 for some transactions up to 1.5 megawatts (MW) within the California Renewables Portfolio Standard (RPS) Program. We provided for further study of limited issues to complete implementation of this part of the RPS Program. We resolved the first limited issue in September 2008.

We address the remaining issues today in part. The result is that we adopt a new procurement protocol that we call the Renewable Auction Mechanism, or RAM, for transactions up to 20 MW. RAM employs standardized contracts and applies to the three largest investor-owned utilities up to a program total of 1,000 MW. Individual prices are determined by each seller submitting a non-negotiable bid, with buyers selecting purchases in the order of least-costly first. We summarize the adopted program in Appendix A. This proceeding remains open.

2. Background

2.1. Legislation and Initial Implementation

The Commission, in 1979, ordered the use of standard contracts for utility purchases of electricity from certain sellers at a price equal to the utility's full avoided cost. (See Decision (D.) 91109, D.07-07-027.) These sellers included projects generating electricity using renewable resources. As we described in earlier orders, this very successful program quickly grew to about one-third of California's electricity resource base. It evolved over time consistent with market restructuring. Related initiatives began in 2002 in the form of the California Renewables Portfolio Standard (RPS) program, seeking even more electricity generated by renewable resources. (See D.02-10-062, D.07-07-027 at 3-4.)

Beginning in 2007, California law required, as part of the RPS program, that every electrical corporation have a tariff for electricity sales by its public water and wastewater agency customers. 1 The tariff established terms for the sale to electrical corporations of electricity generated by water and wastewater agency retail customers using certain eligible facilities powered by renewable resources up to 1.5 MW at a price equal to the market price referent (MPR).2 The tariffs were available until the combined statewide cumulative capacity of those facilities equaled 250 MW. The law also permitted the terms of the tariff to be offered in the form of a standard contract.

We implemented this law in July 2007. (See D. 07-07-027.) We also ordered a limited expansion of this tariff from water/wastewater agency retail customers to other customers on the same basic terms and conditions (T&C) in the service areas of Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E) and Southern California Edison Company (SCE). This added an additional 228 MW, bringing the combined statewide total of the two parts of this program to 478 MW. We did not close the inquiry, but directed that further consideration be given to limited issues for the purpose of completing implementation of the law. On August 1, 2007, the Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) sought parties' comments regarding those remaining issues.

We resolved applications for rehearing of D.07-07-027 in February 2008. (See D.08-02-010.) The tariffs became effective over the course of the next few months.

After considering parties' comments regarding remaining issues, an Amended Scoping Memo and Ruling was filed on June 5, 2008. The assigned Commissioner identified five issues, and set a schedule for comments and motions. The five issues were:

1. Program Extension for San Diego Gas & Electric Company (SDG&E): Whether or not to extend the tariffs for water/wastewater customers to other customers in the service territory of SDG&E (as we had already done for other customers in the service territories of PG&E and SCE);

2. Eligible Project Size: Whether or not to increase the eligible project (transaction) size from 1.5 MW to 20 MW;

3. Excess Sales: How to count electricity purchased pursuant to an excess sales arrangement toward program limits;

4. Third Party Ownership: What changes, if any, are necessary to permit third party ownership; and

5. Other: Anything else a party recommends be considered by the Commission to complete implementation.

On July 3, 2008, comments were filed by 16 parties.3 On July 14, 2008, reply comments were filed by 13 parties.4

The first of five issues was whether or not the existing program for public water and wastewater agency customers should be extended to other customers in the SDG&E service area. No party filed comments in opposition to the extension and, on September 18, 2008, the extension was adopted. (See D.08-09-033.) This added an additional 20 MW, bringing the statewide combined total from 478 MW to 498 MW.

On September 28, 2008, the Governor signed Senate Bill (SB) 380 (Stats. 2008, ch. 554), amending § 399.20 effective January 1, 2009. Among other things, the new law requires that each electrical corporation have a tariff for the purchase of electricity from a retail customer (not limited to public water and wastewater agency customers) up to a combined statewide total of 500 MW.

On October 11, 2009, the Governor signed SB 32 (Stats. 2009, ch. 328), amending § 399.20 effective January 1, 2010. Among other things, the new law requires a tariff for the purchase by each electrical corporation of electricity up to 3 MW from any eligible facility (removing the retail customer provision) up to a combined statewide total of 750 MW (including approximately 250 MW for local publicly-owned electric utilities, also known as municipal utilities) at a price equal to an adjusted MPR. We will turn to implementation of SB 32, along with final implementation of AB 1969, after we address the new procurement protocol adopted here.

2.2. Project Size and Other Limited Issues

The second issue (whether or not the eligible project size should be increased from 1.5 MW to 20 MW) involved considerable additional work. Among the comments, for example, some parties stated that additional T&C are needed if project size is increased.

On October 10, 2008, the Commission's Energy Division (ED) sought further data from parties on this issue. The information and comments were received on October 24, 2008. A second ED data request was issued on January 28, 2009, focusing specifically on contract T&C. Parties submitted data responses and comments on February 4, 2009. On February 10, 2009, ED held a workshop regarding standard T&C for a feed-in tariff (FIT).5

ED staff used this material to develop a proposal. By ruling dated March 27, 2009, the ED staff proposal titled "Feed-in Tariff for Renewable Generators Greater than 1.5 MW" was filed and served on parties for comment. Among other things, ED stated that price level and rate structure are essential to FIT program success, and would be addressed in a future phase of the proceeding. Dates were set for comments and motions.

On April 10, 2009, comments were filed by 21 parties.6 On April 17, 2009, reply comments were filed by 10 parties.7 Some parties stated that price cannot be separated from FIT T&C. Some stated that price is a critical element and its consideration should not be deferred. Others questioned the Commission's jurisdiction to set a FIT price.

By ruling dated May 28, 2009, parties were directed to file briefs on the jurisdiction issue, along with recommended pricing consistent with their views on jurisdiction. Opening briefs were filed by 14 parties.8 Reply briefs were filed by 10 parties.9

ED staff then prepared a pricing proposal, which forms the basis of the Renewable Auction Mechanism, or RAM, that we adopt today. Among the important features, the proposal uses an auction mechanism to set the price.

By ruling dated August 27, 2009, the ED-recommended pricing proposal titled "Supply-Side Renewable Distributed Generation Pricing Proposal" was filed and served on parties for comment. Parties were also provided an opportunity to file final comments on pricing approaches, structures, designs and issues. Dates were set for comments and motions.

On October 19, 2009, comments were filed and served by 24 parties.10 On October 26, 2009, reply comments were filed and served by 18 parties.11 No hearings were requested on any of the issues, and no hearings were held.

We now address the remaining four issues: project (transaction) size, treatment of excess sales, third party ownership and other. We address the biggest and most complex issue first: whether or not the project size and sales eligible for the FIT should be increased from 1.5 MW to 20 MW. We cover this along with specifics for the new program in several chapters. We then turn to the remaining three issues.

The result is a new procurement tool. RAM applies to projects (transactions) up to 20 MW, uses an auction approach to price-setting, and is applicable to the three largest investor owned utilities (IOUs).

We begin our consideration of the issues by examining whether or not there is a need for an expanded FIT.

3. Need for Expanded FIT

The inquiry began with the question of whether or not to expand the existing FIT program from 1.5 MW to 20 MW. The desirability and need for FIT program expansion depends upon whether the current bid solicitation and contract negotiation process works reasonably well for smaller projects.

Parties present differing views on the efficacy of the current program for small projects. For example, Environmental Council and others assert that the RPS program is currently not working successfully for small projects, while TURN and others argue it is successful and no change is necessary. Nonetheless, there is considerable agreement that even if not necessary, it is feasible and desirable to streamline the process for smaller projects.

We agree that additional simplification is desirable for relatively smaller projects. We streamline the process here to facilitate development in this project size range, while mitigating cost and administrative burden on projects, developers, utilities and regulators. Further, the majority of parties support FIT program expansion if there is the right balance of terms, conditions and prices. We agree. All elements of a FIT must be considered, and we do so in adopting the right balance of terms, conditions and prices for the expansion here in the form of RAM.

It is important to note that we provide RAM as an additional tool for the IOUs to reach RPS targets and goals, along with other state goals,12 but do not foreclose any project from using an alternate approach which works better for the seller. Some alternative approaches include, for example, annual RPS Procurement Plan competitive bid solicitations, bilateral negotiations, the qualifying facility (QF) market, procurement pursuant to each IOU's long term procurement plan (LTPP), the existing FIT to 1.5 MW (which may be expanded up to 3 MW pursuant to SB 32), Self Generation Incentive Program (SGIP), California Solar Initiative (CSI) program, SCE photovoltaic (PV) program,13 PG&E PV program,14 net metering program, IOU voluntary programs, and the California Independent System Operator (CAISO) short-term (day ahead) market. We continue to seek additional efficiencies and improvements in all RPS procurement, including reasonable uniformity in procurement documents and model contracts used in the annual bid solicitation.15 Procurement generally, and RPS procurement in particular, must be no more complex than necessary to achieve the state's goals. We secure additional efficiencies for smaller RPS-eligible projects here, and continue to encourage IOUs and parties to propose additional efficiencies and improvements.16

Our determination to expand the FIT raises issues about project size, optimal pricing approach, jurisdiction to set the price, and the right balance of T&C. We first turn to project size.

4. Project Size

4.1. Positions

Parties present a wide range of project sizes that should be eligible as part of reasonable FIT expansion. That range varies from keeping the existing program (i.e., up to 1.5 MW per project) to unlimited MW per project.

CARE, AReM, SCE and others, for example, believe project size should remain at 1.5 MW.17 TURN supports two MW for a fixed price FIT,18 or between three and 10 MW if the price is based on an auction.19 PG&E and others argue project size should be limited to three MW for several reasons, including recognition of the legislature's most recent guidance in SB 32. SDG&E asserts system impacts on smaller utilities necessitate a limitation of five MW. ED staff and others recommend a must-take FIT for projects up to 10 MW, with utility discretion to take or reject contracts for projects between 10 MW and 20 MW.20

IEP, DRA, Sierra Club, Environmental Council and others recommend FIT project size be increased to 20 MW. GPI and others argue that a must-take FIT should apply to projects larger than 20 MW. GPI prefers a must-take FIT up to at least 60 MW.21 CEERT says it would eventually "like to see the cap on project size removed so that projects of all sizes may be eligible for the must-take FIT program."22 LACCD does not support a project size cap, believing a FIT should be available to any size project.23

4.2. Discussion

4.2.1. 20 MW

We adopt a project size of 20 MW. We do this as part of our goal to streamline the entire RPS program where feasible and reasonable. This can be done here for projects up to 20 MW. We adopt this limit for many reasons.

The California Energy Commission (CEC) has repeatedly recommended that we study and implement a FIT for projects up to 20 MW.24 We do so consistent with CEC's recommendations. CEC also recommends continued evaluation of a FIT for projects over 20 MW.25 We will do so as part of our ongoing assessment of the RPS Program, including consideration of how well other tools are working (e.g., bilateral negotiations, QF market, annual RPS competitive bid solicitation, RPS FIT (existing), combined heat and power (CHP) tariffs,26 IOU PV programs, IOU voluntary programs, SGIP, CSI, net metering, CAISO day-head market).

Twenty MW is also consistent with Commission decisions. We have established certain contract provisions for small sellers because we have found they are unable to bid into a utility request for proposal, and generally do not have the resources or expertise to negotiate and enter into a bilateral contract. We define the size of those small sellers as 20 MW and less. (See D.07-09-040 at 121.)

Several existing programs use a 20 MW threshold and influence our decision here. For example, SCE has a standardized contract program for any project using renewable technology up to 20 MW. (See D.09-06-018 at 59.) For its Renewables Standard Contracts (RSC) program, SCE uses a simplified version of the pro forma (model) RPS contract used by SCE in its annual competitive solicitation. SCE says the RSC program addresses difficulties faced by smaller projects (i.e., those up to 20 MW) when they try to participate in annual RPS solicitations, and eliminates the need for complex negotiations. (See D.08-02-008 at 42-44.27) In recent discussion on SCE's RSC program, we stated that we see great merit with increased standardization, recognized SCE's initiative and innovation with its program up to 20 MW, and encouraged other utilities to adopt a similar approach for projects up to 20 MW.28 (See D.09-06-018 at 62.)

In 2009, PG&E proposed a solicitation as part of its solar PV program for projects up to 20 MW. (Application 09-02-019.) A 20 MW size potentially has merit in many contexts, and we agree with DRA that PG&E's recommendation for a project limitation of 10 MW here is inconsistent with PG&E's proposal for 500 MW of PV installations up to 20 MW for its PV program.29 We recently approved PG&E's PV program for projects up to 20 MW. (See D.10-04-052.)

State law requires electrical corporations to have tariffs and standard contracts for purchases of electricity from certain customers up to 20 MW. (See § 2840 et seq. regarding CHP.) Federal regulations draw an important distinction for similar projects at 20 MW.30 Small and large generators are differentiated at 20 MW for purposes of interconnection requirements.31

For all these reasons we find smaller projects, which are those up to 20 MW, should be eligible for the new RAM procurement program adopted here.32 We address in our discussion below (regarding Program Design) whether or not RAM should be a must-take obligation.

4.2.2. Other Arguments

We consider but reject other arguments for a lower project size.

4.2.2.1. Interconnection, Stability, Cost

SDG&E and several parties argue for a lower limit, asserting that large projects may create significant problems with interconnection, system stability, or other concerns. We are not convinced.

Each project must successfully navigate the interconnection process before it can be interconnected. This process includes performing system stability and cost studies, and determining necessary interconnection equipment to permit safe and reliable operation. An interconnection does not occur unless and until the project successfully passes necessary and reasonable requirements, and agrees to pay appropriate costs. This is true for any size project, from less than one MW to several hundred MW. Synchronized operation is not permitted unless and until the system may be operated safely.

Projects of all sizes may interconnect with IOU systems. No evidence shows that interconnection requirements differ depending upon whether the electricity price is reached via bilateral negotiation, annual competitive bid solicitation, FIT, full avoided cost QF standard contract, auction, or another process. Furthermore, CAISO, a party to this proceeding, presents no concerns with increasing eligible project size to 20 MW. The evidence demonstrates that existing stability studies, reliability studies, cost studies, and interconnection requirements adequately address these concerns for all projects, including those at and below 20 MW, whether the project price is determined via a FIT or some other process. In addition, we have more than 30 years of experience with projects of 20 MW and less paid the utility's avoided cost (e.g., QF program), and no evidence presented here shows any particular problems.33

SDG&E argues that:

"As project size increases to 5 MW, the probability that system upgrades will be required also increases. As shown in the illustrative example in Attachment A [to SDG&E's T&C Comments], system upgrades that could be required to accommodate projects sized greater than 5 MW would be prohibitively expensive."34

This is not an impediment. We are convinced by Solar Alliance and Vote Solar that prohibitive costs deter developers:

"Many of the IOUs' concerns fall by the wayside when one considers SDG&E's acknowledgement (comments at p. 11) that generators are responsible...for interconnection and distribution upgrade costs. In other words, interconnection costs...are likely to be a potent deterrent for developers to interconnect a system beyond what the interconnected distribution system can handle without significant upgrades. This more than adequately addresses SDG&E concern regarding the maximum size limit for projects in SDG&E's service territory. As SDG&E acknowledges (comments at p. 11), `[p]rojects sized above 5 MW are likely to require significant system upgrades...making such projects poor candidates for the FIT Program.' "35

We also disagree with SDG&E's argument that project size must be 5 MW or less to avoid burdensome upgrade costs that will bog down the FIT program. Projects of any size can clog FIT or RAM program implementation. Other program elements can successfully address this concern. We adopt a timeframe, administrative process and program requirements below which obligate RAM projects to interconnect and begin operation or face removal from the RAM option and be subject to financial consequences (e.g., 18 months to begin commercial operation, with limited extensions; project viability criteria; deposit forfeiture). This will naturally channel projects that will take a longer amount of time to other procedures (e.g., annual bid solicitation, bilateral negotiation).

SDG&E states that the project size capable of interconnection is limited by conductors and other equipment at the point of interconnection. SDG&E says its distribution voltages are four kilovolt (kV) and 12 kV, in contrast to PG&E's 21 kV and 34.5 kV and SCE's 66 kV and 115 kV.36 SDG&E concludes that what may work for PG&E or SCE will not work for SDG&E. We agree.

Different size systems and circuits may permit interconnection of different size projects without large interconnection costs or effects. Others may not. We need not adopt different size project limits by circuits, systems or utilities, however. The evidence shows that existing interconnection procedures and resulting equipment satisfactorily protect systems, while costs screen economic from uneconomic interconnections.

4.2.2.2. Number of Projects

TURN asserts that expansion beyond two MW is unnecessary since a significant number of projects between two and 10 MW have RPS contracts. We are not persuaded for four reasons.

First, program improvements may be made at all MW size levels by increased standardization, uniformity and transparency. We particularly think this is true in the range up to 20 MW, and this is independent of the number of projects that now do or do not have contracts. Second, we have previously found that small sellers are generally unable to participate in a competitive solicitation, and do not have the resources or expertise to negotiate and enter into a bilateral contract. Several parties renew that concern here, and we continue to be convinced. Third, SA, VSI and Environmental Council reasonably show TURN's conclusion about the number of projects being significant is overstated.37 In fact, the number is modest. Fourth, TURN presents no evidence that the current number of signed projects reasonably exhausts the potential in this size range. To the contrary, ED staff and others show that there is opportunity for potentially thousands of projects totaling thousands of megawatts in this small size range if the program is reasonably designed.38 We do that here, with not only reasonable design but also appropriate limits to ensure that the RAM program grows in a manageable and efficient way.39

4.2.2.3. Risk

PG&E says FIT project size must be limited to no more than 10 MW. PG&E argues that larger projects pose greater risk to the buyer and seller, including the risk of system imbalances. We have addressed the risk of system imbalances above, and we do not agree with PG&E's recommendation.

PG&E also says larger projects increase the risk of harm to the buyer if the generator fails to achieve commercial operation or satisfactorily perform.40 We are not convinced.

Reasonable risk balancing among all RPS program stakeholders is a consideration at all project sizes, from less than 1 MW to hundreds of MWs. PG&E's recommended MW limit is not necessarily the most effective tool to address this potential risk. Rather, contract terms and conditions (e.g., deposit amounts) are better tools to address and allocate risk among buyer, seller and other stakeholders.

Moreover, risk is relative to several factors and must be considered at several levels. For example, there is systematic risk.41 No evidence shows that systematic risk changes at a project size of 10 MW or 20 MW. To the contrary, systematic risk is likely to affect all projects subject to the particular risk factor independent of project size.

There is also project-specific risk.42 In general, project risk is diversified when spread over many projects. It is also addressed by contract T&C (e.g., deposits, damage provisions). California's resource base is in excess of 67,000 MW, and there are hundreds of electric generators. No party presents compelling evidence that the concentration or number of projects in the instant range (20 MW or less) is likely to be so great due to the procurement choices presented here (compared to other procurement methods or pricing protocols within a procurement method) as to materially affect risk in an adverse way not reasonably addressable by contract T&C. Nor is any compelling evidence presented that this risk, if any, is materially affected by selection of a project size less than 20 MW when this risk is reasonably addressable by contract T&C. Finally, the risk is moderated by the adopted program cap of 1,000 MW.

4.2.3. Transactions

PG&E, SCE and SDG&E must offer existing FIT customers the choice of selling electricity under an arrangement of either (a) full buy/sell or (b) excess sales. (See D.07-07-027 at 33-38.) Under full buy/sell, the customer sells its entire output to the utility, and buys back the electricity it needs to meet its load. Under excess sales, the customer sells only the electricity that is excess to its own needs.43

We clarify that the 20 MW limit adopted for RAM applies to the amount of the transaction. It is not a size limitation on the seller's facility. For full buy/sell, this is 20 MW for the transaction, which is the entire project. For excess sales, this is 20 MW of sales to the IOU (i.e., the amount of the transaction), which is the amount the seller is selling, the IOU is buying, and the IOU may count for RPS counting purposes (e.g., annual procurement target). This is consistent with treatment under the existing FIT, 44 and our discussion below regarding the excess sales option (e.g., how to count excess sales capacity toward maximum total statewide capacity). Thus, for purposes of RAM, just as with FIT (existing), project means the size of the transaction, not the size of the facility.

4.3. Conclusion

Therefore, we adopt a project (transaction) size of 20 MW. This is up to 20 MW of sales, whether from the full project or excess sales. We next address the pricing approach, and whether the rate should be fixed or market-based.

5. Pricing Approach

This section considers policy, practical and other arguments regarding whether the rates in the expanded FIT should be (a) fixed by the Commission or (b) market-based.45 We adopt, for the reasons explained below, the market-based RAM recommended by ED.

5.1. Background and Options

The existing FIT for projects up to 1.5 MW uses fixed rates set by the Commission, equal to the MPR, and stated in a published tariff. Upon implementation of SB 32, the FIT for projects up to three MW will use a fixed rate equal to the MPR, subject to adjustment for current and anticipated environmental compliance costs and limited by a ratepayer indifference test. This statutory, Commission-determined, MPR-based fixed pricing approach applies, and will continue to apply, to FIT (existing) tariffs independently of anything decided here.

The initial inquiry into expanding the FIT did not separately scope the FIT rate as an issue. In August 2009, ED proposed that the expanded FIT rate be established by use of a market-based mechanism named the RAM. The RAM employs an auction, wherein sellers which meet certain minimum criteria are eligible to submit non-negotiable price bids. The buyer then selects winning sellers based on the lowest price.

In response to ED's proposal, parties argue in favor of several ways by which the expanded FIT rate might be determined. In summary, the options are rates that are either (a) fixed and published, (b) established via a market, or (c) a hybrid approach (combining fixed and market elements). These methods include, but are not limited to:

· Fixed and Published: Fixed and published in a public source based on (a) cost of the seller (plus or minus adjustments),46 (b) cost of the buyer (e.g., buyer's avoided cost, plus or minus adjustments) or (c) pragmatic approaches (e.g., increasing or decreasing a fixed FIT rate based on actual delivered energy and desired quantity).47

· Established via Market: Determined by the market based on (a) auction or (b) bilateral negotiation.

· Hybrid Approach: Hybrid (combination of setting the rate and using the market) such as (a) market price derived from a market-based referent (e.g., MPR; MPR plus or minus adjustments or caps) or (b) a fixed FIT rate set in year x+1 based on competitive market price results in year x.48

Several parties advocate a fixed-rate FIT.49 In support, they assert a fixed rate set in advance in a published, publicly available tariff makes the price transparent and easily known to all stakeholders. In their view, the advantages of this approach include providing price certainty for project evaluation and cost recovery, reducing transaction costs, moderating program administrative costs, and protecting ratepayers against excessive prices.

Other parties recommend a fixed FIT rate for projects up to a certain size (e.g., three MW in SB 32), and a RAM for larger projects.50 Among the reasons in support, advocating parties say this approach provides transactional efficiencies for the smallest projects, employs the latest guidance from the legislature, and secures the benefits of competitive markets for relatively larger projects.

Many parties support setting the FIT rate via the RAM.51 In their view, this approach provides that bidders receive the price they bid, captures changing market prices in a timely way, is easy to implement, and can provide cost-containment along with cost certainty for ratepayers, IOUs and projects.

Finally, some parties recommend a hybrid approach. In support, they assert this secures the benefits of competitive results but provides transparency, price certainty, transaction cost savings and ratepayer protection.

5.2. Competitive Market Approach

We adopt a competitive market approach for setting the FIT price. Within that approach, we adopt RAM as the particular mechanism for price determination. RAM is a form of auction, wherein projects which meet certain minimum criteria are eligible to submit non-negotiable price bids. The buyer then selects winning projects based on the lowest price. We adopt this approach for several policy, practical and other reasons.

5.2.1. Policy

Our overall policy is to offer every reasonable opportunity for stakeholders to meet the state's many goals and targets, including RPS, GHG, resource adequacy, portfolio mix, and others. We do this differently in different markets based on the underlying market structures and statutes. In all cases, we do this in a way that results in just rates, reasonable rates, avoidance of undue discrimination, economic efficiency, equity among stakeholders, and optimal outcomes. In particular, this requires different policies in the QF and RPS markets. We first briefly look at the QF market given its close relationship to the RPS market, including jurisdictional issues discussed below.

The QF market was initially a monopsony (single buyer). It was established, and continues to function, under its own set of statutes and regulations. It remains carefully regulated to produce an economically and socially optimal outcome (parallel to state regulation of monopoly markets to reach an economically and socially optimal outcome). Some electricity markets, or market segments, are in the process of change, but it is clear that sufficient competition does not exist in all cases to fully protect buyers, sellers and other stakeholders.52 For example, as recently as 2007 we said that QFs of 20 MW and less generally do not have the resources or expertise to negotiate individual contracts with an IOU. (See D.07-09-040 at 118-119.) This market segment, absent one side having the resources or expertise to negotiate, cannot rely on pure competition to reach optimal outcomes. We reaffirm that here. Consistent with our conclusion, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) has established a rebuttable presumption that projects of 20 MW and less do not have nondiscriminatory access to the wholesale electricity market. (18 CFR § 292.309(d)(1).)

Therefore, the wholesale market for QFs of 20 MW and less is not sufficiently competitive to relax regulation and rely solely on buyers and sellers determining prices, terms and conditions to reach a just and reasonable result. We cannot, and do not, expect the transactions of private parties in the QF market, absent responsible regulation, to result in an optimal outcome.

We have typically used standard contracts with fixed rates set at full avoided costs in the QF market. Statutes provide that we employ fixed rates in some other markets (e.g., CHP; small RPS projects up to 1.5 MW, expandable up to 3 MW pursuant to SB 32). We will continue to use fixed rate tariffs and other tools in the QF, CHP and other markets, as appropriate, and need not duplicate that here.

The RPS statute and program, by contrast, were conceived, initially designed and remain focused on this market segment being competitive. We continue that focus. We adopt necessary safeguards to protect stakeholders from adverse outcomes if the market is not sufficiently competitive to reach just, reasonable, efficient, and optimal results. Those safeguards include, for example, total program capacity, a reasonableness threshold for simplified contract review, and ongoing reporting.

We also note that most, if not all, RPS sellers may obtain QF certification.53 That is, where appropriate and desirable, an RPS seller may obtain QF certification and avail itself of the QF program.54 This provides necessary protections against monopsony (or other) bargaining advantage and non-optimal market outcomes in the smaller project size RPS market at issue here. It provides smaller RPS sellers with another venue for transactional efficiencies when they have limited resources and expertise (i.e., QF standard contract at a just and reasonable avoided cost rates). We adopt policies below which depend on the RPS market being competitive, but rely on this link with the QF market as an additional protection for sellers. It also provides a check and balance between the two markets so that the each market result should be just, reasonable, nondiscriminatory, and optimal.

These policy considerations give us reasonable confidence that we may employ RAM as the pricing tool.

5.2.2. Practical Considerations

In addition to the underlying market structure, statutes, regulations and other policy factors mentioned above, we consider several practical reasons in adopting RAM.

Advocates of a fixed-rate approach contend that a fixed, tariff-published rate is necessary for relatively small projects because it provides certainty for project evaluation and cost recovery. RAM provides a similar result. This is the case because a rational bidder will bid no less than its best cost estimate. Whatever it elects to bid (i.e., its cost or higher), this information gives the bidder adequate certainty to do an economic evaluation of its project.55 If the bid is later selected, the rate is set and known over the life of the project. This process gives reasonable certainty to projects for the purposes of both initial evaluation and subsequent cash-flow for cost recovery.

We also consider project cost. Projects at issue here, even if relatively small, are costly. The evidence is that each project will require investments from several million dollars to as much as $80 million or more for the largest projects.56 It is reasonable to expect developers of these projects to undertake an economic assessment.57 We can expect these developers to either be reasonably sophisticated in financial analysis, or to hire a specialist to provide advice. Moreover, it is not unreasonable to expect developers of such projects (or the financial specialist they hire) to be comfortable with a range of input variables as part of the analysis. This is true whether the developer of the projects under consideration here (20 MW or less) is a homeowner adding a solar photovoltaic system; a dairy farmer installing a biogas digester/generator; a water company installing in-conduit hydro generation; or an independent project developer building a geothermal project, wind farm or any other RPS-eligible project. Reasonable economic assessments require a price input, but such assessments can be done with either a fixed tariff-published rate, the price the project will submit as a bid, or a range of candidate prices. Thus, we are neither persuaded by the claim that a fixed tariff-published rate is necessary for the relatively small projects here, nor that it is unreasonable to expect a project developer to be able to undertake an economic assessment using either its bid price or assumed prices for a range of variables.

Another practical consideration identified by advocates of a fixed-price approach is the level of transaction costs. In their view, the fixed price approach minimizes transaction costs while RAM increases transaction costs. In response, others argue transaction costs under RAM are minimal. No credible estimates are presented on the cost of either approach. Absent quantitative evidence, we are left to evaluate the assertions qualitatively.

RAM opponents argue that the cost of bid preparation can be significant, while it is zero under a fixed-price FIT. We are not convinced. A rational project developer must have some level of understanding about the economics of the project, including a price or range of prices that is likely to make the project economic. This is true whether the FIT rate is or is not fixed in advance in the tariff. No party presents a compelling reason why the cost of putting a bid on paper is significant.58 The RAM adopted below does not permit negotiation over price, terms or conditions. Under these circumstances, there is minimal cost to put a bid on paper, and no transaction cost related to price negotiation. Thus, we are not persuaded by a qualitative argument that the cost of RAM bid preparation is burdensome.

We also consider the cost of determining a fixed rate to put in a published tariff. There are costs for data collection and analysis. IOUs, parties and staff will incur costs to participate in Commission proceedings, the outcome of which may be appealed. The time and cost of an administrative process to set a fixed price is not zero, and could be the same as or more than the sum of all bid preparation costs.

5.2.3. Other Considerations

Recurrent attests to the reasonableness of a RAM mechanism for projects in the 1 MW to 20 MW range. Recurrent reports that it is an independent power producer successfully developing projects via auctions in this size range. Recurrent welcomes the healthy competition that an auction can stimulate and which, according to Recurrent, brings value to IOUs, customers and society. In response to parties who express concern that small sellers are unduly burdened by market mechanisms, Recurrent states:

"As one of those `small sellers' that concern these parties, Recurrent Energy categorically disagrees that competing in a RAM is unduly burdensome, unreasonably costly, or somehow unfair. ... We are much more concerned by the specter of administrative price-setting gone bad, than by the need to compete through an auction process to meet our buyers' need."59

Recurrent opposes a cost-based FIT, saying that:

"...setting too high an energy rate (by accident or design) at the expense of utilities, ratepayers and society can result in hostility to solar development that undermines the longer-term stability of our markets."60

We endorse healthy competition and seek to avoid regulatory approaches that result in hostility or undermine long-term stability. We also look for an approach that can quickly respond to changes in cost (both increases and decreases). Administrative determination of cost (whether fixed rate or hybrid) is less likely to be as responsive to cost changes than is a seller determining the price it wishes to seek in reasonably frequent auctions based on its underlying costs, and changes in those costs.61

We could use other market-based approaches (e.g., bilateral negotiations, other auction schemes). We standardize the expanded FIT as recommended by ED, however, and do not permit negotiation of prices, terms or conditions. This eliminates the use of a market-based approach based on bilateral negotiations. RAM is the market-based auction approach presented here, and we adopt it.

The risk with a market approach, however, includes the seller bidding a price far in excess of its cost. This might occur if the market is thin (e.g., few sellers) and does not place sufficient pressure on each bidder to control its price. It might also occur if one or more participants devise ways to manipulate the auction in ways we cannot now predict. We mitigate against this adverse outcome below by establishing a simplified preapproval threshold (SPT) for Tier 1 contract review.62 This permits us to let buyers and sellers determine the price, with protection for ratepayers against an unjust and unreasonable outcome via additional Commission scrutiny of the IOU's prudence of the transaction if either our assumption about the market being competitive is incorrect, or the market is competitive but not sufficiently so.

The risk with a market approach also includes sellers succumbing to unreasonable pressures from a buyer if the market is not competitive. 63 We mitigate against this adverse outcome by adopting policies to maximize the potential for effective competition (e.g., below we permit sales in any service territory to increase the number of buyers and the competition between buyers). We also adopt monitoring and periodic review of RAM results to permit modifications, if necessary. This allows us to let buyers and sellers determine the price, with protections for all stakeholders against bad outcomes if the market is not sufficiently competitive.

5.3. Conclusion

We adopt a RAM market-based approach relying on policy, practical, and other considerations enumerated above. We next turn to questions of jurisdiction.

6. Jurisdiction

There is no dispute among parties that the Commission may order IOUs to file a FIT. Positions vary on Commission jurisdiction to set the FIT rate. The range of views is essentially from no jurisdiction to complete jurisdiction, with a middle ground that elements of jurisdiction reside with the FERC but that several aspects reside with the state. Some parties with the middle ground view suggest the Commission seek FERC approval of a Commission-established FIT rate to overcome any ambiguity regarding Commission jurisdiction to establish the rate.

6.1. Summary of Positions

We briefly summarize the positions of parties.

IOUs and some parties argue that the Commission has no jurisdiction to set a FIT rate because FERC has exclusive jurisdiction over sales of electric energy in wholesale transactions, including exclusive authority to set rates for wholesale sales. The only exception, according to these parties, is that the Commission may set the rate for utility purchases of electricity from QFs at the buying utility's avoided cost, pursuant to the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978 (PURPA) and FERC regulations. Parties with this view assert that the rate must be based on consideration of all (not a subset of) resources, and is strictly limited to avoided cost, as defined by federal statute and FERC regulations.

DRA and other parties contend the Commission has complete authority to set the FIT rate because the FIT does not set the wholesale rate at which the generator must sell. Rather, a FIT is a standard tariff that requires an IOU to make certain purchases, but the generator has discretion to sell or not sell at that or any other rate. Some parties with this view also contend that these are intrastate sales by state-created load serving entities (LSEs) at the distribution level for transactions that are not in interstate commerce and, as a result, these sales are not within federal jurisdiction.

The California AG and others assert the Commission has jurisdiction to set the FIT rate. The AG says the Commission may do so for QFs at avoided cost, for example, and the Commission has considerable discretion in its determination of avoided cost. According to the AG, determination of avoided cost no longer requires a solicitation from all sources, and incremental energy increasingly does not come from fossil-fuel based generation. The AG explains that this is due to constraints created by RPS portfolio requirements and climate change laws. The RPS solicitation, as a result, may specifically be for electricity generated by renewable resources, and may potentially be by technology. The AG also asserts that renewable energy credits (RECs) may be used as a component of the FIT, for either QFs or non-QFs, to meet RPS portfolio requirements, climate change mandates, and encourage generators to sell to the grid. GPI and Sustainable Conservation characterize this approach as including green adders with the avoided cost rate.

SA, VSI and others with a middle ground view assert FERC has jurisdiction over wholesale sales but the Commission has authority to do several related things. These things include setting FIT rates at avoided cost, establishing IOU procurement practices (including resource-specific procurement targets), regulating the sale of RECs, and determining tariff treatment of distribution costs and benefits. The FIT rate, according to this view, may include avoided transmission and distribution line losses and congestion costs, avoided or deferred investment in transmission and distribution upgrades, avoided environmental costs, and avoided RPS non-compliance penalties. FCE and CALSEIA characterize this view by saying FERC has jurisdiction over electricity, capacity and ancillary services for wholesale transactions, but the state has plenary authority over any product or attribute in wholesale transactions other than electricity, capacity or ancillary services. These other things may include encouraging renewables via RECs, treatment of GHGs, technology-specific incentives,64 tax structure and direct subsidies. CAC and EPUC assert the Commission may set the FIT rate using either a market approach or a cost basis but, under either approach, they propose that the Commission seek FERC approval to remove the possibility of a utility challenge.

6.2. FERC

We briefly summarize FERC's regulation of wholesale markets in order to place the jurisdiction discussion in context.

FERC regulates sales of electricity in wholesale markets under several statutes, including the Federal Power Act (FPA) and PURPA. The statutory requirements are that rates must be just, reasonable, and not unduly discriminatory. FERC fundamentally does this in one of two ways.

First, in markets that are not competitive, FERC uses cost of service. These are markets in which either the seller or buyer has some unacceptable degree of market power. In most noncompetitive markets, FERC sets the just and reasonable rate equal to the cost of the seller. This approach is used in monopoly (single seller) markets. In some noncompetitive markets, FERC sets the just and reasonable rate in relationship to the cost of the buyer (i.e., the cost the buyer would incur absent certain conditions). This approach is used in monopsony (single buyer) markets. In the case of the QF market, the rate (with some exceptions) is set equal to the cost the buyer would have incurred but for the purchase from the QF. PURPA and FERC regulations authorize determination of the buyer's avoided cost by state commissions.

Second, in markets that are competitive, FERC permits market-based rates. Each seller submits a technical study showing it has no market power. In the absence of market power, FERC gives approval for the seller to enter into contracts at any price to which the buyer and seller agree. Sellers in this market are not subject to cost of service regulation, and the market-based rate is determined by FERC to be just, reasonable and not unduly discriminatory. The seller files the contract, including applicable rates, with FERC. These sellers are sometimes referred to as independent power producers.

6.3. QFs

There is no dispute that we have jurisdiction to set prices for IOU purchases from QFs. One approach for an expanded FIT here would be to require that the FIT be applicable to QFs at avoided cost, and implement the recommendations of the AG and others to update avoided costs for new market conditions and additional factors. We decline to do so, however, because we already have a program for QFs. Changes and updates to the QF program and avoided costs for QFs should be made in a QF and/or avoided cost proceeding, not here.

Further, the statute provides that the RPS program does not constitute implementation of the QF program.65 The legislature could have combined the two programs but did not. We apply reasonable harmony between the two programs to facilitate stakeholder and program efficiencies, but do not treat them as one program.

Thus, the RPS program is not the QF program. While there is considerable overlap, there are also differences. We have thus far considered them separately, and continue to do so here.

6.4. RAM

We do not set the rate here for projects up to 20 MW by relying on our QF program. We must, therefore, still consider jurisdiction.

For policy, pragmatic and other reasons explained above, we adopt the market-based RAM recommended by ED. RAM, as parties explain, avoids or eliminates the jurisdictional issue.

For example, PG&E and several parties assert that RAM avoids the jurisdiction question. PG&E says:

"The proposed auction process would resolve the issue parties briefed previously in this proceeding; namely, whether the Commission has authority to establish prices for wholesale energy sales in interstate commerce ... The RAM, by employing a competitive solicitation, should yield market-based prices and avoid the issue of Commission jurisdiction to set prices in the wholesale generation market."66

SCE says the Commission's authority is to set FIT prices either (a) at avoided costs for QFs or (b) to "use a market-based pricing structure."67 SCE describes RAM as providing "a competitive, market-based mechanism which appropriately looks to the market for pricing."68

IEP points out that we have for several years required IOUs to undertake competitive solicitations to procure conventional and renewable resources. The results do not conflict with FERC's jurisdiction, according to IEP, precisely because the solicitations produce market-based prices.69 IEP concludes:

"...no conflict with FERC's jurisdiction is created if the Commission requires or encourages the utilities to pursue competitive solicitations for specific products. In this approach, the Commission acts within its jurisdiction by requiring or encouraging a competitive approach to the products that might be the focus of a feed-in tariff and by accepting the market-based prices that result from that competitive procurement. The resulting prices are just and reasonable and are authorized by FERC through its market-based rate authority."70

These parties are right. RAM does not result in our setting the price, but relies on a market-mechanism that is compatible with FERC's rate-setting in wholesale markets. RAM avoids or eliminates the jurisdictional issue.

The reasonableness of this approach, however, relies on a critical assumption: the market is-and remains-sufficiently competitive to produce just and reasonable rates, result in efficient and optimal outcomes, and protect both buyers and sellers. We address competitive aspects of the market below when we discuss Commission oversight of the RAM program. First, we address details of program design.

7. Program Design

Having decided above to extend FIT eligibility to 20 MW in the form of RAM and employ an auction mechanism for price-determination, we next consider specific program design elements. These include a maximum program cap, eligibility requirements, uniformity of terms and conditions, negotiations, and project viability criteria.

7.1. Goals

The adopted design elements are influenced by the goals of FIT expansion. The overall goals are: the provision of safe and reliable service to satisfy demand without shortage or surplus at just and reasonable rates; economic efficiency; equity among all stakeholders; and optimal resource mix and use consistent with RPS, climate and other state and national statutes and goals. Particular goals for the expanded FIT (to the extent feasible within the policy framework of a competitive structure) are reasonable simplicity, ease of administration and transparency.

In pursuit of these goals, we begin with FIT (existing). We also consider making the RAM program as parallel as possible with other existing programs (e.g., RPS annual bid solicitations, QF program, voluntary programs of IOUs). We take the best of each program, to the extent reasonable, using lessons learned from other programs, and our experience of over 30 years procuring electricity from non-utility sources.

We need not be more specific or resolve other differences of opinion among parties with respect to the goals. Rather, this context gives sufficient guidance to allow determination of necessary elements below.

7.2. Program Cap

7.2.1. Proposal

ED proposes FIT program expansion differentiated between (a) projects up to 10 MW and (b) projects between 10 and 20 MW. For projects up to 10 MW, ED initially proposed a program cap of 1,000 MW allocated to the three largest IOUs. As further developed in its August 2009 paper, ED recommends the program cap be based on a revenue requirement, allocated yearly or every two years, equivalent to approximately 1,000 MW. According to ED, this provides a program cap that is both a cost-containment and a cost-minimization mechanism. ED says it provides streamlined, pre-approved cost recovery for IOUs; cost certainty for ratepayers; and regulatory certainty for the market. ED proposes that the revenue requirement cap in the future be based on a utility's need for the products solicited. Since the methodology will take time to develop and roll into RPS procurement planning, however, ED recommends an interim revenue requirement cap equivalent to approximately 1,000 MW allocated proportionately among the three IOUs over the next four years. Some parties proposed, at ED's request, a methodology to calculate the interim revenue requirement, along with examples. 71 Several parties support the revenue requirement approach.72 Two parties oppose the approach.73

7.2.2. Revenue Requirement Cap

We adopt a relatively simple total capacity cap of 1,000 MW for the reasons explained below, and decline to adopt a more complex revenue requirement cap. The current revenue requirement proposal is not yet sufficiently concrete, and we need a more complete understanding of the mechanics, advantages, disadvantages and implications before its adoption.74

The revenue requirement examples use a range of variables. For example, one calculation derives a revenue requirement from maximum energy deliveries at an applicable MPR. 75 Other calculations rely on a mix of projects (which meet various criteria), capacity factor and project cost.76 A revenue requirement determination either requires evidence on these variables, or the making of various assumptions. Parties may legitimately dispute these and other variables, along with the relevant values, but did not sufficiently do so here for us to reasonably adopt an interim revenue requirement cap.

Moreover, the range of final selected variables would, under ED's proposal, involve pre-approval of cost recovery for hundreds of millions of dollars, in which IOUs, ratepayers and other stakeholders will have substantial interest. The variables involve potentially disputed issues of material fact. There is too much complexity, uncertainty and risk of litigation to follow this path now.

We agree with DRA that:

"The revenue requirement approach introduces unnecessary complexities into the RAM process and requires that long-term assumptions be made about the capacity factor of the winning bidders in order to determine where to draw the line. Such assumptions may pave the way for protests by losing bidders that the line has been drawn too low. The revenue requirement concept, while innovative, will complicate the determination of how many bids should be accepted, because estimating the costs of a renewable contract over a 20 year lifespan, or even in the year it comes online, is speculative."77

We are also concerned that the proposed revenue requirement approach (in conjunction with ED's proposed must-take obligation for projects up to 10 MW) fails to adequately protect against unreasonably high prices. This could occur, for example, if the response to RAM is low. Bidders may have an inclination (or take the risk) that the number of bidders (supply) may be low relative to the program cap (demand). If so, each bidder may submit a bid substantially above its cost on the chance that the bid must be accepted. While a revenue requirement limit would cap the total cost of the program, no evidence in this record demonstrates that a revenue requirement cap will sufficiently protect ratepayers against the risk of too few projects being selected at too high a price.78

7.2.3. Capacity Cap

In the absence of a revenue requirement cap we agree with DRA and adopt a nameplate capacity cap.79 We adopt 1,000 MW, and allocate this to the three affected IOUs using the same allocation used now for the program up to 1.5 MW, as shown in more detail below. We do this in light of the following considerations.

SCE argues that no cap can be determined in the absence of prices and other variables. We disagree. A total capacity (MW) cap provides a measure of risk mitigation against an overly successful program. Absent a total cap of 1,000 MW, for example, subscription might reach several times that amount before RAM can be suspended.80 Alternatively, if too many contracts are signed and submitted to the Commission by the advice letter procedure adopted below, the Commission, in the absence of a predetermined total program cap, might be required to suspend and reject numerous advice letters, even after the IOU and bidder have spent precious time and resources to consummate a contract. A better approach is one that is controlled and incremental, allowing testing of this program expansion with paced growth based on experience and need. We do that via a reasonable total capacity cap.

DRA argues the cap should be reduced to 500 MW given both the increase to the FIT program cap by SB 32 and a desire to cap the cost of the program.81 We disagree. The cap under SB 32 includes municipal utilities. Preliminary indications are that the amount to be allocated to IOUs is about the same as is allocated now. Further, parties present no convincing data on an optimal total program cost cap. We adopt later in this order a simplified preapproval threshold (SPT) for streamlined contract review, thereby facilitating the essential cost containment goal without also necessitating a reduction in the capacity cap.

SDG&E asserts that the cap should be 1,000 MW allocated to each IOU, but further limited by an IOU's RPS targets. That is, an IOU should be able to suspend its RAM when its RPS program target is reached. We disagree. RPS program targets are minimums, not maximums. Twenty percent by 2010 is the minimum. An IOU may not procure less than 20% without the potential for penalty, but may procure more than 20% without penalty. Moreover, the risk of over-procurement given the amount of allocated RAM MW is minor (e.g., 81 MW allocated to SDG&E). 82 If over-procurement becomes a serious risk, IOUs may slightly reduce new contracts selected pursuant to the annual solicitation, voluntary, or other programs which do not have specific allocated capacity. We seek relative simplicity here, and capping the program at 1,000 MW subject to further reductions adds unnecessary potential confusion and complexity.

SA, Sierra Club California, FSI, FITC, LACCD, VSI and others argue for a higher or no cap. For example, SA recommends a cap of 2,000 MW; Sierra Club California recommends 3,000 MW (with all FIT contracts included); FSI recommends 3,000 MW; FITC recommends 4,000 MW (with a minimum of 1,000 MW auctioned per year); LACCD and VSI recommend no cap.

We decline to adopt a higher cap or no cap. We may adjust our 1,000 MW cap at any time based on evidence of response and need. An initial cap of 1,000 MW is reasonable. It provides an adequate quantity to test the adopted program expansion while mitigating against adverse outcomes if the program needs adjustment. We may later remove the cap entirely if experience with the program demonstrates that the market itself successfully reaches an optimal outcome. We have had mixed experience with uncapped programs, however, and decline to adopt this expansion without a program limit, at least before we have some evidence of the results.83 One lesson from our experience is not to be pure ideologues but to be responsible pragmatists. GPI convincingly says:

"Given the fact that renewable energy markets currently are not in a state of competitive equilibrium, and are not likely to become so in the foreseeable future, it seems to us that prudent policy prescriptions should be designed around the markets as they actually are, not the idealized competitive markets that we might wish we had."84

7.2.4. Cap Adjustment

There is no dispute about maintaining the option to update the adopted program cap. The issue is the proceeding in which that might occur. ED recommends that the cap be adjusted in either an annual RPS procurement plan proceeding or LTPP proceeding. Some parties assert that all adjustments should be in an LTPP proceeding, where a comprehensive examination of procurement will take place.

We do not limit possible updates to an LTPP proceeding. The adopted program parameters (MW and SPT) and any other program elements adopted here may be adjusted in any appropriate proceeding (e.g., annual RPS, LTPP) based on any and all relevant factors (e.g., need, cost, rate effects, reliability issues, resource mix goals, GHG goals). We intend all resource and procurement issues to eventually be in one periodic LTPP proceeding, including the FIT, FIT adjustments, RAM, and all other RPS matters. This may or may not occur by the time an adjustment is necessary in some aspect of the adopted RAM.

7.2.5. Capacity Allocation

We apply RAM to the three largest IOUs for reasons explained below under Eligibility. We use the same allocation to these IOUs that we used for the initial program.

The allocation is as follows:

TABLE 1

TOTAL PROGRAM CAPACITY ALLOCATION

UTILITY

INITIAL

ALLOCATION (MW) [1]

PERCENT OF INITIAL ALLOCATION

EXPANDED ALLOCATION

(MW)

SCE

247.7

49.84

498.4

PG&E

209.2

42.09

420.9

SDG&E

40.1

8.07

80.7

TOTAL

497.0

100.00

1,000.0

[1] This is the total initial FIT allocation (e.g., the sum of the allocation for water/wastewater and other) found in D.07-07-027 at 9, as expanded for SDG&E in D.08-09-033. The four small and multi-jurisdictional utilities (SMJUs) in the statewide total of 498 MW are not included here. (See Background discussion above.)

These individual allocations may be updated as needed by an IOU using the same approach already adopted for the existing FIT program (e.g., data collection and allocation with support from CEC, advice letter or other pleading filed with the Commission). (See D.07-07-027 at 10.)

ED recommends that the program cap be allocated to IOUs over four years.85 We decline to adopt a four-year horizon for this program.

The 1,000 MW cap allocated to three IOUs is sufficiently large to provide market opportunities, while being sufficiently small to provide protection against bad outcomes. We need not further distribute the 1,000 MW to four years. Nonetheless, we are concerned about the degree of competition and take reasonable steps to increase the competitiveness in which RAM will operate.

The competitiveness of each auction can be increased by reducing demand (all else equal, such as the same amount of supply). We have, for several reasons, controlled demand in two recently authorized solar PV programs. (See D.09-06-049 for SCE and D.10-04-052 for PG&E.) We do so here to mitigate against concerns that the market will not be sufficiently competitive. This device also has the beneficial effect of limiting RAM program costs in any one year as we gain experience.86

Therefore, we require that no one RAM auction include (either solicit for or result in contracts of) more than 25% of the total allocation:

TABLE 2

TOTAL ALLOCATION PER AUCTION

Given two auctions per year (adopted below in our discussion of Market Elements), the 1,000 MW cap can be subscribed no more quickly than over a two-year period. It may take longer, depending upon the number of sellers and selected bids per auction. The rate of subscriptions is an important measure of the interest and success of the program, and will help us judge if and when to change the cap. The 124.6 MW cap for SCE compares favorably to SCE's voluntary RSC program cap of 250 MW, and is reasonable.

We balance these concerns with the need to assure sellers of a reasonable market that is not so small as to constrain transactions. To do so, we require each IOU to offer no less than the allocated capacity for each auction. SDG&E, for example, will offer no less than 20.2 MW in each auction, and may subscribe no more than 20.2 MW under RAM in any one auction.

We make one exception. The exception is that we require IOUs to bring forward unsubscribed amounts (or subscribed amounts that drop out of the program) to the next auction. That will increase the capacity offer (both maximum and minimum) in subsequent auctions by the amount of the unsubscribed (or dropped) capacity that is brought forward. This will promote seller assurance of a reasonable market, will assist with meeting California RPS goals, and is consistent with similar treatment in our two recently authorized solar PV programs.

7.2.6. Must-Take

The existing FIT is a must-take obligation selected on a first-come
first-served basis at a known price (MPR) up to a program limit (e.g., initially 250 MW statewide, now 750 MW statewide). It includes a wait-list for additionally interested developers. ED's proposed expansion continued the must-take requirement for projects up to 10 MW, with an expanded program cap of 1,000 MW, but without a must-take duty for projects from 10 to 20 MW.87 ED's revised proposed expansion recommended a revenue requirement cap, but does not allow an IOU to reject projects up to 10 MW until the revenue requirement cap is exhausted.88

PG&E recommends the must-take portion of RAM be limited to projects up to three MW.89 Other proposals include: each IOU has discretion with respect to each project; the must-take duty is linked to maximum project size; or the FIT, by definition, is a must-take tariff offering and should be so here.

We include the must-take obligation with RAM, but only up to the level of the SPT or the auction's capacity cap. We agree with ED that a limited must-take requirement results in reasonable certainty for, and balance between, the market (regarding regulatory approach), ratepayers (regarding cost and the resource portfolio), and IOUs (regarding cost-recovery). The Commission is authorized to establish IOU procurement practices, including resource-specific targets.90 We do so here via the adopted RAM, including the must-take obligation up to 1,000 MW consistent with other adopted provisions (e.g., standardized contract, price up to SPT). We may adjust procurement parameters (e.g., project (transaction) cap, total program cap, SPT) in conjunction with the must-take duty, as necessary. We encourage IOUs and parties to monitor the program, including the effect of the must-take obligation, and, if warranted, propose reasonable modifications based on credible evidence.

We do not include a must-take obligation for prices above the SPT or beyond the auction's capacity limit. Prices above that level, or capacity beyond that limit, may still be agreed to between seller and buyer, but we require below a more thorough Commission review and consideration of such contracts (e.g., Tier 3 or application). Capacity related to contracts that are not must-take will not apply to the 1,000 MW program cap (as allocated to each IOU). This focuses the streamlined program and does not confuse it with others (parallel to our treatment below of the relationship of RAM to voluntary and other programs).

7.3. Eligibility

7.3.1. Location Restrictions

ED recommends that eligible projects must be located within the CAISO controlled grid. Parties argue eligibility relative to location should be narrower or more expansive.

We adopt a relatively more expansive approach. We do not limit project location, but require deliveries to be consistent with RPS eligibility standards, as determined by CEC.91 This is the approach we use for RPS competitive solicitations. (See D.06-05-039 at 15.) We are not convinced to change that approach, or to adopt a different approach for RAM.

We reject an IOU argument that project location should be restricted to the service territory of the IOU in which the project resides. IOUs contend that confusion may otherwise be created among the FITs offered by the three IOUs. We are not persuaded. We direct below that all tariffs and standard contracts be substantially similar, if not precisely the same. We are confident that reasonably talented project developers and sellers will be able to work with limited, if any, differences.

Moreover, an IOU service area limitation eliminates competition. RAM is not a viable price-setting option if the market is not competitive. Competition must be increased, not eliminated, for RAM to be effective, and the result to be just and reasonable.92 We are persuaded by ED and parties that an area beyond each IOU's service area stimulates competition and provides reasonable flexibility for developers to locate in the most cost-effective locations.

We do not limit the area to the CAISO controlled grid. IEP convincingly argues that some of California's best renewable potential is outside the CAISO grid, such as in the Imperial Valley. There is no reason to limit the potential usefulness of the RAM by restricting it from some of the potentially best sites. We are comfortable relying on RAM and the market to best determine project location. This is the case for all electricity that CEC certifies is RPS eligible.

IOUs argue that such an expansive approach will increase costs by necessitating construction of additional transmission and distribution (T&D). We are not persuaded. First, below we adopt a requirement that projects be
on-line within 18 months (subject to limited extensions). This provision will tend to focus projects on areas with available T&D. Second, when T&D is required, each project must pay reasonable T&D interconnection costs related to the project. This will naturally channel projects away from seeking interconnection that is cost prohibitive. Third, system (infrastructure) T&D costs generally apply to more than one RPS project. These costs are reasonably balanced with benefits in the decision whether or not to authorize T&D project construction. (See, for example, D.08-12-058, Sunrise Powerlink Transmission Project.) Reasonable costs are then allocated and charged to projects, if appropriate, or charged to users (e.g., via transmission charges). This allows the market to direct project selection decisions based on the economics. Fourth, SA and VSI convincingly argue that the issue of the cost of T&D upgrades to move power from IOU "A" to IOU "B" is actually overstated. There is little or no actual delivery in many cases. Rather, these transactions are more frequently solved by an accounting transaction, not the actual movement of power over long distances.93

In short, the limited time to completion criterion will tend to focus projects on areas with available T&D. Also, each project must pay the costs of project-specific new T&D, usage charges (e.g., transmission rates), and/or appropriate accounting charges. A rational bidder will include these costs in the bid as part of the RAM. Uneconomic projects will not be selected. Additional T&D construction associated with winning projects will be economic when projects are selected in least-cost order. We are comfortable relying on RAM and the market to best determine project location.

Reliance on the market, however, requires that all bids be on the same basis. We require below that IOU's propose necessary methods, if any, as part of the advice letters to implement RAM to ensure bidders submit bids on a comparable basis.

Finally, we reject a Sierra Club proposal to give community choice aggregators (CCAs) and energy service providers (ESPs) the right of first refusal for electricity from an RPS project in their service areas.94 We seek to promote, not limit, competition. Tipping the scale in favor of CCAs or ESPs would unreasonably constrain the competition upon which this market is premised.

7.3.2. Retail Customer

ED recommends that the seller need not be a retail customer of the IOU. We agree.

The retail customer requirement was in the original legislation (AB 1969) and our initial implementation. It is not in the current FIT statute for projects up to 3 MW (§ 399.20 amended by SB 32 effective January 1, 2010). It is also not in our existing RPS program (annual bid solicitation), nor is it required in the QF program or as part of the LTPP. We adopt ED's recommendation for consistency with current law and other programs. We address related items below when we discuss third party ownership (i.e., that the facility need not be located on property owned or under the control of the retail customer).

7.3.3. Utility Applicability

ED proposes limiting RAM to the three largest IOUs. We agree.

SCE, TURN and RR argue that the RAM program should apply to all CPUC-jurisdictional LSEs. We are not persuaded. We apply fundamental program basics to all LSEs (e.g., targets, reporting, penalties), including not only the largest IOUs but also SMJUs, CCAs and ESPs. Commission requirements regarding specific program elements vary by type of LSE, however, based on Commission regulatory authority, responsibilities and duties.95 The degree to which such requirements may vary between LSEs, if at all, is under further consideration as a result of newly effective § 365.1(c)(1).96

For now, we limit RAM to the three largest IOUs. ED's proposal is made in the context of the three largest IOUs. We need further information before considering whether and how to apply RAM to other LSEs. We also make this decision in view of the following.

CCAs are expressly exempt from the provisions of § 365.1. There is no need to consider whether or not CCAs are required to implement RAM at this time.

SMJUs are not addressed in § 365.1. There is no obligation to require that SMJUs implement RAM at this time. Moreover, direct application to SMJUs is impractical. The largest allocation percentage for the existing FIT program is to PacifiCorp, at 0.405% (less than one-half of one percent).97 The total allocation to the four SMJUs is 0.599% (less than six-tenths of one percent).98 Allocation to PacifiCorp (the largest of the four SMJUs) of its share of the 1,000 MW RAM total program adopted here would be about four MW (and to all four of the SMJUs would be about six MW). PacifiCorp would be allocated about one MW (and all four SMJUs would be allocated about 1.5 MW) in each of the four auctions adopted above. We are not persuaded that, as a practical matter, it makes sense to apply the RAM program (up to 20 MW per transaction) to each SMJU with allocated shares of four MW or less for the total program (and one MW or less per auction). We employed this same practical consideration in 2007 when we limited the required FIT offering by the SMJUs in the existing FIT to 1.0 MW rather than 1.5 MW. (See D.07-07-027 at 26.) We do so again here.

ESP obligations relative to RAM requirements, if any, need further development. We will hear from parties at a later time regarding whether or not to require ESPs to implement RAM, and if so under what terms and conditions. If appropriate, we may also at that time address additional considerations, if any, regarding CCA and SMJU implementation of RAM.

7.4. Uniform Terms or Uniform Contract

ED proposes that each IOU start with its existing 1.5 MW FIT tariff/standard contract and add or amend terms as needed to develop RAM, with the three IOUs having consistent T&C for the new terms. ED recommends that a uniform standard contract for all three IOUs be required over time, with IOUs filing a uniform standard offer no later than July 1, 2010 (about 15 months after ED's proposal), to be in effect no later than January 1, 2011. Parties dispute the need and desirability of uniformity, with IOUs generally in opposition and some parties in support.

We adopt ED's recommendation. Each IOU must start with its existing FIT tariff/standard contract. It must add or amend terms as needed, and must employ consistent T&C for new terms, as it implements the orders herein. Each IOU must make every reasonable attempt to harmonize its RAM tariff, including the standard contract, with that of the other two IOUs.99 Each IOU must undertake all reasonable efforts to work with the other two IOUs, staff and parties to develop uniform RAM tariffs.

Uniformity does not require that each contract be identical but, absent particularly compelling reasons otherwise, each should have the same form, same format, and substantially common (if not identical) language. For example, items should be addressed in the same order within the standard contracts. Language should be the same, or substantially similar, except for required differences. The hours and months included in a time of delivery (TOD) period, for example, might be different among IOUs, but the format and language regarding TOD should be the same.100 Similarly, insurance provisions should be the same, even if the dollar amounts of coverage might differ.101

We are not persuaded when IOUs contend that each has unique internal processes which necessitate differences. We see no reason for tariff language to differ between IOUs on common items (e.g., price, eligibility, deposits, performance standards, default, damages, applicable law). Unique items regarding different internal processes, if any, should nonetheless be in the same part of the tariff (e.g., same form and format), or accompanying document.

The advice letters ordered herein must be filed when due even if IOUs are unable to develop fully uniform tariffs, standard contracts and language by that deadline. ED may reject any one advice letter (or all three advice letters) if the tariffs fail to be sufficiently uniform. ED may require the IOU (or all three IOUs) to re-file the advice letter with a revised tariff. Once re-filed and accepted by ED, the IOUs may proceed with the first auction, whether or not the documents are fully uniform. Initiation of RAM should not wait for perfect uniformity.

Nonetheless, we agree with ED that uniform tariffs must eventually be developed. IOUs must work diligently with other IOUs, ED and parties to make substantial progress toward, if not reach, the uniformity goal by the time advice letters are filed to first implement the RAM (21 days after the date this order is mailed). If unable to reach that goal within 21 days, IOUs must reach the goal no later than nine months from the date of issuance of this order.

7.5. Negotiations

ED proposes that RAM standard contract T&Cs not be negotiable. Similarly, bid prices are not negotiable.102 We agree.

We streamline procurement with RAM by adopting a standard contract with uniform T&Cs, program capacity cap, market mechanism to determine price, SPT (for simplified standard contract review of eligible contacts), and other standardized provisions. The result is to provide IOUs and the state with a simplified additional opportunity to meet RPS, GHG and other goals. This makes it relatively easier and less costly for all stakeholders.

We decline to allow negotiations within RAM since this will add time, cost and complexity. Buyers and seller have other opportunities that permit negotiations if and when necessary (e.g., bilateral negotiations, the annual RPS solicitation, IOU voluntary procurement programs). In this context, it is reasonable to make the RAM tariff take-it-or-leave-it (non-negotiable) up to the level of the SPT. Price is determined by the market (auction), with the seller submitting its bid, and the buyer making its selection on the basis of price. This reasonably promotes the goal of streamlining and simplification without the Commission influencing the pricing or foreclosing any other alternative.

7.6. Project Viability

ED proposes that projects meet four minimum project viability criteria before being eligible to submit a bid. These include, for example, site control and equipment standards.

Parties present a range of views. Those in support argue the criteria will streamline review and facilitate program success. Those in opposition assert the criteria unreasonably increase project costs and risks.

We adopt ED's proposed minimum project viability criteria, and add one, as explained below. The five adopted criteria provide an initial screen of likely more viable from possibly less viable projects. This will substantially simplify bid review and selection.

7.6.1. Discussion

Some parties argue for little (or no) upfront screening with lenient (or unlimited) extensions on the amount of time to begin commercial operation. In support, advocates of this approach say this will reduce cost and increase supply. We are not persuaded.

We accept their assertion that project viability criteria will increase upfront costs for project participation, and increase investor risk of not recovering those costs if the project is not selected. We have no credible estimates of the amount of increase in upfront costs or investor risk, however, and no way to concretely assess the incremental effect. On the other hand, RAM is an option for IOUs and projects. If investors are unwilling or unable to shoulder those costs and risks within the context of the RAM, they may use other procurement options.103 Further, the risk of failing to recover upfront costs provides a modest incentive for submission of a realistic, competitive price. This should help offset other incentives for the bidder to submit a bid price as high above cost as possible (e.g., if the bidder is otherwise willing to take a gamble that only a few projects will bid).

Reasonable project viability criteria also complement other adopted program elements. For example, we adopt a provision below that projects have 18 months to come on-line, with limited ability to obtain extensions. Minimum project criteria at the time of bid submission support a limitation on time to commercial operation.

Project viability criteria also assist with project queue management. Lenient screening and extensions would present an unacceptable risk of clogging the limited project queue (e.g., 250 MW per auction). This would be unfair to other projects that could develop and deliver power but which are otherwise blocked by projects which would fail reasonable upfront screening criteria or which have obtained excessively lenient multiple extensions. A clogged queue is unfair to Californians who expect the state to reach the RPS target of 20% by 2010, and goal of 33% by 2020. The right balance is a timeframe for commercial operation with limited possible extensions complemented with limited project viability criteria before being eligible to submit a bid. This will facilitate screening, evaluation and selection. Reasonable upfront project viability criteria should also reduce the number of requests for extensions.

We also adopt project viability criteria in recognition of project investment costs. That is, each project will be costly (e.g., hundreds of thousands or millions of dollars per project). At this level of per project investment, we elect to place a modest amount of responsibility upfront and be relatively strict on project milestones (i.e., 18 months with limited extensions). This will advance RPS program success. It is a balance that is reasonable and fair to the selected projects, those waiting to get into the queue, and stakeholders in general.

We now address the adopted criteria.

7.6.2. Adopted Criteria

7.6.2.1. Site Control

ED recommends the bidder must show 100% site control through (a) direct ownership, (b) lease, or (c) an option to lease or purchase that may be exercised upon award of the contract. We agree.

We want RAM to be available for projects that are not unduly speculative. To do this, it is reasonable to require site control. This makes the project a more likely real choice for the IOU and ratepayers, not a speculative concept dependent upon a string of other variables. Projects that are more speculative may use other procurement vehicles.

7.6.2.2. Development Experience

ED recommends that the bidder must show the company and/or development team has (a) completed at least one project of similar technology and capacity or (b) begun construction of at least one other similar project. We agree.

Some parties object, saying this criterion is too subjective and exclusionary. Rather, they assert that the pay-for-performance nature of the program ensures that only viable projects will participate.104

We agree that pay-for-performance is a powerful tool that facilitates viable project self-selection. It is not enough for RAM, however. We seek a streamlined process that promotes ease of bid review and selection of projects which can become operational or be removed (to open the queue for another project). Development experience complements pay-for-performance in promoting that objective.

7.6.2.3. Equipment Standards

ED recommends that solar PV equipment must be on lists approved by CEC and Underwriter's Laboratories (UL), and other technologies must meet similar standards if such standards exist. We agree.

Some parties object, saying this criterion is too restrictive. To the contrary, this criterion will promote streamlining of bid review and selection, and facilitate reopening of the queue for stalled projects. It does not foreclose projects with other equipment from selecting another contracting option.

7.6.2.4. Commercialized Technology

ED proposes RAM be for commercialized technologies. ED recommends commercialized technology be defined as one currently in use at a minimum of two operating facilities of similar capacity worldwide.

We agree with a commercialized technology screen. Research, demonstration and development (RD&D) are vital, and we encourage RD&D, but RD&D should be funded in ways other than RAM.105

The RPS program itself is largely intended for commercial technologies. California seeks 20% by 2010 with reasonably proven technologies that will provide safe and reliable electricity at just and reasonable rates. Experimental technologies may seek a place in the RPS resource mix in other ways and apply via other approaches (e.g., bilateral negotiations).

7.6.2.5. Interconnection Application

Finally, Recurrent recommends that bidders demonstrate they have filed their interconnection application by the time they bid into the RAM.106 We agree.

An interconnection application requires high-level initial engineering. The process can easily take six months or more for projects up to 20 MW. Given the 18-month deadline for commercial operation, projects will likely have begun the interconnection application process by the time of bid submission. It is also a reasonable screening criterion for bids. IOUs should require bidders to show with bid submission that the interconnection application has been filed. We expect a RAM auction to be held at least every six months, thereby providing reasonable ongoing opportunities to participate if the interconnection application requirement results in a project missing a particular RAM deadline.

7.6.3. Administration

The project viability criteria adopted above use some specific terms (e.g., "similar" project) and equipment standards. We decline to adopt specific definitions or exact equipment lists. Rather, we let IOUs do so with input from projects, parties and staff. This is not a level of detail we need to address here. We expect IOU definitions and lists to be reasonable, and will judge the result as part of overall RPS program administration, as necessary.

We expect IOUs to administer the project viability screen by designing RAM (including bid protocol) to require that each bidder show compliance with the adopted project viability criteria. IOUs may reject bids from projects which fail to meet these minimum criteria.

Finally, we adopt a provision below to periodically collect information on RAM. We may modify project viability criteria if data show the screening process significantly reduces the number of interested and eligible projects, and reduces the competition and effectiveness of RAM. For initial implementation, however, a modest amount of bidder self-screening will simplify bid review and selection while complementing other program elements and providing an incentive to submit realistic, competitive bids.

8. Products and Price Design

8.1. Products

One of the challenging design issues is identification of the appropriate RAM products.

8.1.1. Background and Positions

The existing FIT product is energy (kWh) purchased by TOD. Selection is made in first-come first-served order. The product is subject to a program maximum measured in total statewide capacity (MW). The standard contract contains performance requirements (e.g., good utility practice, prudent electrical practice), minimum general liability insurance amounts, and damage provisions.

ED recommends RAM be used for predetermined amounts of renewable products based on individual renewable needs of each IOU. ED offers three examples of products: baseload, peaking as-available and non-peaking as-available. ED proposes that annual RPS procurement plans specify how much of each product the IOU will procure, with selection based on price and limited by a revenue requirement cap for each product category. 107 In addition to existing performance obligations, ED proposes that the seller must deliver a minimum of 140% of its expected annual net energy production based on two years of rolling production.108

Parties offer a range of views. SCE says that each auction should be open to all technologies and not be limited by specific types of resource categories, such as baseload, peaking as-available and non-peaking as-available. Others, such as FCE, GreenVolts, Inc. (GreenVolts), Sierra Club California and GPI, argue for technology differentiation, asserting that this helps preserve production differentiation and encourages resource diversity. 109

8.1.2. Discussion

For the reasons explained below, we adopt firm, non-firm peaking, and non-firm non-peaking as the three products, but do not specify the amounts of each product to be purchased by each IOU. We authorize each IOU to specify the amounts of each product, subject to Commission reasonableness review of program administration.

In reaching these decisions, we first employ the relatively simple approach in FIT (existing). We there authorize purchase of electricity without additional product differentiation, but use TOD-differentiated rates as an incentive for the seller to offer the product when it is most desired by the IOU.

We recognize, however, that some product differentiation is necessary when using a price auction (rather than first-come first-served) to select winning sellers. Ranking only by price without any other differentiation will skew results to the lowest cost projects without reasonable product diversity. For example, one resource type (e.g., non-firm wind) is likely to be the least expensive and, if all bids are ranked only by price, this one resource type might secure all 1,000 MW of RAM. It would, however, almost certainly be unwise to purchase only one type of product (e.g., non-firm versus firm) from one type of technology (e.g., wind). Stakeholders are better served by some product differentiation.110

We decline to differentiate the products in RAM by technology. There are at least nine candidate technologies.111 We have inadequate data to determine how much of each technology might be reasonable for each IOU.112 Also, SDG&E's allocation of 81 MW (20 MW per auction), if divided equally by seven technologies, would be about 12 MW per technology (or 3 MW per technology per auction). This is substantially less than one 20 MW project (transaction) eligible for the RAM. This limitation conflicts with the designed availability of the RAM option to projects (transactions) up to 20 MW.

Instead, we look at the electricity products that utilities largely seek from merchant generators in other procurements (e.g., QF market, RPS solicitations). Those are basically firm and non-firm (as-available).113 ED recommends differentiating non-firm into peaking and non-peaking given generation profile differences. We agree. It is reasonable to seek three products in the RAM, providing reasonable diversification without excessive complexity.

We do not have enough information to specifically define the generation profiles and other characteristics that would correspond to each of these products. The IOUs shall include in their initial advice letter filing pursuant to this order a detailed description of the generation profiles and characteristics that correspond to each of the three adopted product categories. The advice letter filing shall also detail how the eligibility requirements will provide reasonable assurance that a bid for one product will, if selected, deliver energy in a manner that corresponds to the generation profile associated with that product (e.g., non-firm peaking).114 This concern is most relevant to the two non-firm products given that we adopt performance requirements below for firm products. If a non-firm project is unable to provide reasonable assurance, based on resource availability or other factors, that it will deliver energy consistent with an on-peak product then, provided it meets other eligibility criteria, it may participate but only as a non-peak product.

With regard to performance requirements for non-firm electricity (i.e., constraining non-firm to a TOD period subject to penalty for noncompliance), we believe such requirements are inconsistent with the concept of an as-available (non-firm) product. Non-firm is delivered when it is generated. Non-firm cannot be scheduled and realistically tied to performance requirements by TOD. Nonetheless, as described above, non-firm resources will, in effect, be pre-certified as either peaking or non-peaking based on the criteria identified by the IOUs in their advice letters (and to the extent authorized by us upon review of the advice letters). On the other hand, firm electricity requires a commitment, and, in the discussion below on Performance Obligations, we adopt a performance requirement based on ED's recommendation.

ED also recommends that RAM use predetermined amounts of product based on individual IOU needs. While we adopt three products (firm, non-firm peaking, and non-firm non-peaking) for the initial roll-out of RAM, we have inadequate data to direct the quantity of each product that each IOU should seek. We require each IOU to establish the amounts of each product for each auction, subject to Commission reasonableness review of IOU administration of the program. The first advice letter filed pursuant to this order (within 21 days to establish RAM) must state the amounts of each product for each of the initial four auctions. The IOU must make its selections consistent with the stated quantities and may not alter the quantities after the auction quantities are first announced. This will provide reasonable stability and certainty to the auctions, and avoid the appearance or actuality of "bait and switch" by the IOU.

8.2. Selection

Rates are fixed under the existing FIT with projects selected on the basis of first-come first-served. With RAM, ED proposes that project viability criteria first be applied to screen out ineligible projects. ED recommends project selection among remaining eligible projects by price, using an auction approach, with no ability by parties to negotiate terms, conditions or prices. Rather, ED advocates that projects submit a price bid and IOUs make selections on the basis of price, first selecting the least expensive projects in each product category.

Many parties support selection based on price in order to secure the least-costly products with the maximum benefits of price competition. SCE supports the use of an auction to determine the price for each project, but recommends only one product with the selection not made on the basis of price, but made on the basis of value. According to SCE, this method permits the IOU to select the best combination of resource types and deliveries. Parties mention other alternatives, such as selection based on project viability or lottery.

First-come first-served works best when prices are fixed in the tariff and known to all parties in advance. It does not work well in the context of an auction with a goal of the buyer securing the least-costly products. Similarly, project viability and lottery each fail to adequately consider cost.

We agree with ED that selection should be limited to the price variable. We seek relative simplicity and transparency in the RAM program. Selection based on price is consistent with these objectives, particularly if price is expressed in cents/kWh to simplify comparisons. We decline to use value as a selection criterion since it potentially introduces an unacceptable amount of subjectivity into the RAM.115

We expect price to be expressed in cents/kWh based on a realistic production profile of the project. IOUs should include, as part of the RAM bid protocol, a requirement that the bid be in cents/kWh and the bidder include the project's expected production profile. We expect IOUs to use their own judgment about the production profile to eliminate unrealistic bids.116

It is also necessary to require that the bid price be stated on the same basis so the IOU can make a reasonable selection based on least cost first. For example, some projects may exclude costs that are included by other projects (e.g., transmission, firming/shaping). IOUs should normalize bids, if necessary, to ensure that they may be compared on an equal basis. As part of the advice letters to implement RAM (within 21 days of the date of this order), IOUs should include and explain any normalization procedures the IOU intends to use as part of its bid selection process.

We allow projects to bid into multiple auctions to promote competition. This may result in a project being selected by more than one buyer. We expect each such bidder (i.e., that has bid into more than one auction and been selected by more than one buyer) to make a decision and inform all interested buyers within a reasonable amount of time after being notified of its selection by the last of such buyers. That should be able to be done within five calendar days. IOUs should include this procedure and timeframe within their bid protocol (to be filed as part of the tariff, discussed more fully below under Implementation). To ensure that RAM can proceed smoothly, we require that each seller execute the standard contract within 15 calendar days of the date the buyer notifies winning bidders.117 IOUs should propose uniform schedules for simultaneously conducting the RAM, including bid evaluation and notification of bidders, to simplify the process for bidders and facilitate efficient administration of the auctions.

We agree with the concern expressed by some that selection only by price may tend to skew selection to only the least expensive technology able to serve each of the three products (e.g., geothermal for baseload, solar for non-firm peaking, wind for non-firm non-peaking). This may leave out seven or more other technologies. Parties may recommend changes, based on annual reports and evaluations discussed below, if initial results show that the three product choices (firm, non-firm peaking, non-firm non-peaking) and selection criterion (price) unreasonably skew results. For the initial roll-out of this program, however, the adopted elements (e.g., three products selected on the basis of price) with protections against adverse outcomes (e.g., MW cap and SPT for simplified contract review) provide a reasonable basis to proceed, permit learning from the experience, and allow parties to recommend refinements, if necessary, to further improve the program and its results over time.

8.3. Simplified Preapproval Threshold

PG&E and others propose a Commission-established price cap for each product. According to this view, a price cap protects customers from exorbitant prices when competition is otherwise not robust.118 We agree with the ratepayer protection objective, and accomplish this by use of an SPT. We summarize the proposals, discuss the options and address the SPT.

8.3.1. Proposals

Parties present a variety of price cap proposals. For example, TURN recommends a workshop on the topic, and states that one alternative is a baseload price cap at no more than 75% of the average price of products bid into the peaking as-available auction. GreenVolts recommends the winning price could be limited to no more than 125% of the highest winning bid in the general auction.119 PG&E recommends a price cap in the form of MPR plus a dollar per megawatt-hour (MWh) premium, with the premium for as-available peaking higher than that for as-available non-peaking so parties can see the renewable premium associated with each product. Reid recommends that no bid be considered at a price greater than 120% of MPR, rounded up to the nearest $5/MWh.120

8.3.2. Discussion

We decline to adopt a price cap or similar mechanism based on auction results. The auction itself may or may not include a sufficient number of projects to reflect a competitive, optimal outcome. The purpose of this mechanism is to streamline administration and help prevent adverse outcomes if the underlying market is not sufficiently competitive. We cannot base the mechanism on an outcome that may not itself be reasonable. Doing so would subject the results to unacceptable circularity, and fail to achieve the ratepayer protection goal.

PG&E and Reid propose a price cap of MPR plus a premium. This general approach has merit, particularly when the total does not exceed a reasonable alternative cost, or otherwise result in an excessive price.121 We decline to adopt a price cap but instead adopt an SPT. The SPT does not consider whether the wholesale rate is just and reasonable. Rather, the SPT focuses on our responsibility to determine whether an IOU wholesale purchase is prudent in relationship to alternatives and preapproved for cost recovery.

The SPT mechanism provides that an IOU batch and submit all standardized RAM contracts in one Tier 1 advice letter for contracts with a rate less than a specified level of SPT. This will permit simplified review and approval of contracts which we have essentially predetermined to be reasonable at a price less than the SPT level. It provides assurance of cost recovery for the IOU.122 It allows the IOU to bring contracts at levels at or above the SPT to the Commission for review under other procedures (e.g., Tier 3 or application).123

The SPT does not set the market price, but differentiates the type and level of review to be undertaken by the Commission in our determination of whether the IOU purchase was prudent and reasonable for preapproval of permissible retail rate recovery. Buyers may bid whatever price they seek. We require the utility to take contracts up to the adopted limits (i.e., MW capacity or at prices below the SPT level) as an element of our administration of resource procurement and portfolios. An IOU is not obligated but may also select each and every other contract that it finds reasonable (e.g., above the MW capacity or at prices at or above the SPT level), and file that contract for Commission consideration by other than a Tier 1 advice letter.

We adopt an SPT recognizing that a 1,000 MW capacity cap provides important protection, but does not itself protect against excessive cost for any one individual contract. The adopted mechanism provides the right balance of streamlined administration, preapproved cost recovery for the IOU, reasonable resource portfolio administration, and focused Commission consideration of the prudence of entering into certain contracts.

We adopt the SPT level based on PG&E's recommendation of MPR plus a premium, with the premium set at a level of 50% of the MPR. This level is reasonable. It is less, for example, than the price cap adopted for either of two recently approved programs (e.g., $0.26/kWh for SCE and $0.246/kWh for PG&E).124 This will permit the initial roll-out of the RAM.

The adopted SPT level (the most recently adopted MPR plus 50%) for a 20-year product beginning in 2011 in cents/kWh, for example, is:125

TABLE 3

CALCULATION OF ANNUAL SPT

(cents/kWh; 20 year contract beginning 2011)

ITEM

RATE

MPR

10.10

RAM SPT (MPR plus 50%)

15.15

We allocate the SPT level (MPR plus 50%) to each IOU's TOD periods to reflect reasonable cost avoidance and the differential value between energy delivered during on-peak periods relative to energy delivered during mid- and off-peak periods (using the TOD factors in the existing FIT). This is consistent with PG&E's recommendation and is parallel to our time-differentiation of the MPR generally throughout the RPS program, including FIT (existing). The SPT will be aligned to the duration of the contract.126

The RAM SPT by TOD by IOU127 is:

TABLE 4

REASONABLENESS THRESHOLD BY TOD

(cents/kWh; 20 year contract beginning 2011)

PERIOD

SCE

PG&E

SDG&E

SUMMER

On

47.41

33.40

24.86

Mid

20.45

17.00

15.75

Off

11.36

10.45

13.38

WINTER

On

15.15

16.02

18.05

Mid

12.57

14.16

16.34

Off

9.24

11.57

12.01

OTHER

On

NA

17.36

NA

Mid

NA

12.82

NA

Off

NA

9.73

NA

PG&E recommends that the premium for as-available peaking be higher than that for as-available non-peaking. Allocation of the 50% premium to TOD accomplishes this result (since the allocation factors to on-peak periods exceed allocation factors to non-peak periods).

We decline to use Reid's recommendation to adjust the SPT (MPR plus 50%) by rounding the result up to the nearest $5/MWh. This adds an additional step and level of complexity that is unnecessary.

The generation profile of each project will be different. The SPT level by TOD must be applied to a project's generation profile to determine a project-specific SPT. The project specific SPT may then be compared to the bid price to ensure the bid price is less than the SPT. Projects which pass this screen are then subject to being selected in the order of least costly first. Projects selected at a price less than the SPT level are eligible for a Tier 1 advice letter submission to the Commission, as explained more below (see Chapter below on Regulation and Commission Oversight). Projects selected by the IOU at and above the SPT level may be submitted for consideration by Tier 3 or an application.128

8.4. Summary

The adopted products are firm, non-firm peaking, and non-firm
non-peaking. Bids must state the product for which the bid is submitted. The IOU bidding protocol should require bids to be stated in cents/kWh, and include the project's expected production profile. The price ranking of bids is from least costly to most costly, and is compared to the SPT (developed per project using the project's generation profile). For purposes of each auction, IOUs must use the most current Commission-adopted MPR, and Commission-authorized TOD factors, unless and until superseded by further Commission direction. Projects within each product type are selected in the order of least-costly first up to the MW limit or until no projects remain at a price below the applicable SPT level. The selected contracts are must-take and are eligible for submission to the Commission by Tier 1 advice letter. The signing of other contracts (for MWs in excess of the auction limit or a rate at or above the SPT) is subject to the discretion of the IOU, and should be submitted to the Commission under other procedures (e.g., Tier 3 or application). The capacity of these other contracts will not count toward the overall 1,000 MW capacity cap (nor the amounts allocated to each IOU).

8.5. Rate Design

8.5.1. Background

A significant Commission responsibility when an IOU sells electricity to ratepayers is to set the rate level (e.g., $0.12/kWh) and rate design (e.g., tier or TOU structure). Rate level and design can affect many important aspects of the sale. For example, the level and design affect how much and when electricity is purchased. They also affect the stability of the IOU's revenues and profits.129 We employ many rate design tools when the IOU is the seller, and each tool can provide incentives to either the buyer and/or seller. These tools include customer charges (dollars per customer per month), demand charges (dollars per kW per month), and energy charges (cents per kWh). Balancing accounts or memorandum accounts are often used to promote rate stability for the ratepayer and cost recovery for the IOU. Adders are used for special programs or purposes (e.g., public purpose program surcharge).

The same issues arise for the rate level and rate design employed for IOU purchases under a FIT. In particular, when the IOU is the buyer, the FIT rate level and design can affect how much electricity the seller elects to sell and when. They can also affect stability of the selling firm's revenues and profits, which in turn can affect the project's cost of capital and ability to obtain financing. A range of rate designs are available when the IOU purchases RPS electricity, and can be used by the IOU to provide incentives to the seller.

The current FIT (for projects up to 1.5 MW) pays for electricity using an all-in rate expressed in cent/kWh (i.e., an energy rate) differentiated by TOD.130 Current model contracts in the annual RPS competitive bid solicitations use energy prices paid by TOD, with some use of capacity prices paid by monthly factors subject to availability adjustments.131

ED proposes that the RAM use energy rates, the same as the existing FIT program (all-in paid by TOD). The August 2009 ALJ Ruling asked parties to address a range of price structure (rate design) issues.132

8.5.2. All-In Energy Rate Paid by TOD

Parties are unanimous in recommending the use of existing pricing approaches, wherein prices provide reasonable incentives for performance. We agree.

Parties are nearly unanimous in recommending the use of an all-in energy rate paid by TOD.133 We agree with parties that an all-in energy rate paid by TOD provides a powerful performance incentive and moderates ratepayer risk. This is the case since payment is made only for delivered electricity. We adopt the continued use of all-in energy rates paid by TOD for the RAM.

Limited comments support use of a capacity rate. For example, TURN recommends an all-in time-differentiated and levelized energy price. TURN also says: "Fixed capacity payments may be appropriate for dispatchable resources that provide resource adequacy value recognized by the CAISO."134 Other parties agree that a capacity payment may be reasonable when capacity is provided.135

We decline to direct the separate use of capacity rates, particularly considering the nearly universal opposition. Also, capacity rates involve an additional level of complexity that does not appear necessary for these relatively small resources. For example, SCE does not use capacity prices in its RSC program, even though SCE originally designed this program for bioenergy resources which have the potential to provide dependable capacity.

Thus, we direct the use of all-in energy rates paid by TOD for the expanded FIT. This approach is reasonably simple, pays for performance, and provides an incentive to provide electricity by TOD when it is most needed.

8.5.3. Escalation Factors

SCE says sellers "may choose to include escalation factors in their bids."136 No party argues otherwise.

We permit bids for the RAM to include escalation factors.137 Bid prices will be TOD-adjusted and levelized, as necessary, just like other bids in order to compare the bid price to others in the auction. We are confident that each IOU can perform a reasonable net present value calculation and risk assessment to judge whether to accept or reject such bids in comparison to other RAM bids. IOUs and parties should monitor this approach and recommend changes if necessary.

8.5.4. Fixed Payments

IOU revenues can vary widely with sales, and profits can vary widely when marginal revenue (the price charged for the last unit sold) differs from marginal cost (the cost for the last unit sold). Revenue and profit instability have caused particular problems for IOUs when sales decline due to conservation initiatives, efficiency improvements or extremes in weather. We have solved these problems over the years with various regulatory tools.138

The same concern can occur with RPS projects. The ratio of fixed to variable costs for RPS projects can vary from high to low.139 Particularly for those with a high ratio, profits can be unstable if the price (rate) design does not track the cost structure of the seller. Such instability can lead to financing issues, and investors may require a higher rate of return.

IOUs and parties were asked to comment on this in the context of considering the use of fixed payments (e.g., dollars per customer per month) and capacity rates (e.g., dollars per kW per month). Nearly all comments oppose the use of fixed payments asserting, among other things, that fixed payments fail to provide reasonable incentives for performance. Only FCE observes that an approach which separately pays the seller's fixed and variable costs "aligns [the] cost recovery mechanism with the nature of the costs."140

We decline to adopt a fixed payment scheme as part of the rate design given the overwhelming opposition. We generally agree with parties that fixed payments tend to decouple payment from performance, thereby reducing the incentive for performance. We hear a great deal about the need to provide stability for the RPS industry, however, including stable prices, revenue streams, and regulatory approach to, among other things, facilitate financing. An important part of stability for an RPS project may be aligning changes in its revenues with changes in its costs. This must be balanced with competing ratepayer needs and interests (e.g., low, stable costs for a reliable, safe, clean product). We encourage IOUs and parties to continue to give consideration to the range of rate design issues and bring recommendations, supported by necessary evidence, to our attention as appropriate.

Finally, the ALJ asked IOUs and parties to consider and address five proposed rate designs. We highlight one in Appendix C, including party comments and our observations. We encourage IOUs and parties to continue to give consideration to the tensions identified therein and develop creative solutions where feasible.

9. Market Elements

We now turn to a range of proposals on market elements. This includes the number of auctions per year, whether to limit sales to full buy/sell, whether to limit seller concentration, access to information on preferred locations, use of RAM projects in flexible compliance, and other items.

9.1. Number of Auctions Per Year

ED proposes a minimum of two auctions per utility per year, staggered between IOUs throughout the year. Parties present a range of views. We require two auctions per year held simultaneously by the three IOUs for the reasons stated below.

DRA, Reid and PG&E generally support one auction per year asserting, among other things, that multiple auctions are unreasonably costly and time consuming. TURN recommends holding one auction per year at least for the initial two years (asserting that two auctions may be administratively burdensome). TURN says adding a second auction could be based on whether a sufficient number of acceptable bids are submitted. SA recommends a minimum of three auctions per year asserting, among other things, that this will enhance competition and developer knowledge of the new market, thereby resulting in lower bid prices. SCE says the number of auctions should be determined in the LTPP proceeding, and the auctions held concurrently with other procurement to promote efficiency and administrative cost savings.

One important advantage of a fixed price FIT is that it is continuously available (i.e., projects can access the tariff at any time). We lose that benefit with RAM, but in exchange gain potential cost savings from competition. At the same time, we want to minimize the loss of the continuous availability element as much as possible.

We are not persuaded that multiple auctions are unreasonably costly and time consuming. To the contrary, we want the tariff and standard contract to be simplified and easy to implement. We want the auctions and winning bid selections to be streamlined. A requirement of more than one auction per year will provide an incentive for IOUs to accomplish this goal.

Therefore, for the initial roll-out of the program, we require two auctions per year beginning no later than 90 days after the RAM advice letters filed pursuant to this order are effective. We require the auctions to be held simultaneously by the three IOUs in order to maximize competition. A project may bid into all three auctions.

We expect IOUs, ED and parties to monitor auctions, and make recommendations over time if the number should be changed. We would eventually like the program to be sufficiently routine that auctions may be held even more frequently, if not continuously.141

9.2. Full Buy/Sell or Excess Sales

The current FIT permits sellers to elect either full buy/sell or excess sales. (See D.07-07-027 at 33-38.) ED proposes that expanded FIT be available only as a full export tariff (full buy/sell).142

Parties offer a range of views. CALSEIA, SCE and DRA support the full export (full buy/sell) approach. PG&E, TURN, CEERT, GPI, FCE, Sustainable Conservation, SFUI, RR and Environmental Council support either (a) excess sales or (b) the customer having the choice of either full buy/sell or excess sales in most, if not all, cases.

We continue the existing approach of letting the customer choose either full buy/sell or excess sales. This includes the existing requirement that an excess sales Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) is for all excess generation from the facility that is not used on-site.143 We do so for several reasons.

The choice of either full buy/sell or excess sales has been available to QFs since 1979. It remains a permissible option in FERC QF rules. No evidence is presented that this policy has been unworkable over the last 30 years.

In 2007, we adopted both options for the FIT. No evidence shows this policy to have been unworkable. The reasons for its adoption in 2007 remain valid today (e.g., optimal resource development when retail rates differ from avoided/incremental costs while at the same time providing equitable treatment to stakeholders).144

We dismissed SCE's application for rehearing on this subject. In doing so we concluded that the two sales options are consistent with the plain language of the statute. We also said that the two options further the statutory intent of promoting reasonable development of renewable resources to meet multiple state objectives.145 The two sales options continue to do so, and should be adopted in the RAM to facilitate the same objectives.

ED recommends limiting sales to only full buy/sell, asserting that the excess sales option fails to provide the IOU with sufficient certainty regarding the expected output from the project and undermines the IOU's ability to conduct long-term renewables planning. We are convinced by GPI, TURN and others that this concern is unfounded.

GPI correctly contends, for example, that the effect on the integrated electrical system is the same regardless of the type sale agreement.146 That is, the renewable generator output and the host-site load will exhibit the same levels of variation despite the type of sale arrangement with the IOU, and there is no evidence to show that the output and load are influenced by the type of sales arrangement.147 TURN correctly states that IOUs are capable of reasonably accurate forecasts and have routinely made such calculations in many Commission proceedings. TURN concludes that: "There is no specific reason why providing compensation for net excess sales complicates such forecasts or undermines the accuracy of long-term resource planning."148

9.3. Seller Concentration

The ability of RAM to produce cost savings (compared to a fixed rate or other pricing option) depends largely on the degree of competition among bidders. To address this, ED proposes that the revenue requirement cap be coupled with a seller concentration limit to ensure market competition. In particular, ED recommends that no one seller be permitted to contract for more than 50% of the capacity cap or revenue cap in each auction (across all bids).149

9.3.1. Party Positions

Parties offer a range of views. FITC recommends the cumulative awarded bids from a single bidder or equipment manufacturer not exceed 20% of total capacity in any auction. In support, FITC contends that 50% is too much concentration. The Commission should start with rules that clearly encourage competition, according to FITC, and may modify or relax the rules over time if necessary based on evidence.150

GreenVolts states that competition should exist both among developers and companies supplying the equipment. At least for a transitional period of five years, GreenVolts says no entity should be the source of equipment or project developer for more than 20% of the winning projects in each auction.151

TURN recommends a seller concentration limit of 30%. In support, TURN says a percentage lower than 50% can both (a) prevent larger entities from gaining significant market share by virtue of their superior financing or balance sheets and also (b) prevent an entity from bidding unrealistically low prices for multiple projects that cannot realistically come to fruition.152

FCE recommends a seller concentration cap at a level inversely proportional to the number of unaffiliated participants in each technology-specific group, adjusted in each auction to reflect the number of unaffiliated bidders participating in the previous auction round.153 SFUI recommends that no one company or individual be permitted to own or operate more than 9 MW, thereby, according to SFUI, creating a potential of 83-84 projects out of a 750 MW allocation.154

PG&E asserts there is no assurance that limiting the number of contracts will result in selection of the most attractively priced projects. PG&E suggests the Commission allow IOUs to rely on their individual credit policies, which are designed to address counterparty concentration risk.155

Axio recommends no seller concentration limit, asserting both that (a) a limit will be challenging to enforce and (b) delivery of the lowest cost renewable power (even if only from one seller) is a more relevant program objective than limiting seller concentration. Axio says seller concentration for mature, viable projects should not be discouraged, and a project maturity criterion will be a more effective program tool.156

9.3.2. Discussion

We agree with PG&E and Axio, and decline to adopt a seller concentration ratio. A specific concentration ratio does not guarantee that IOUs will secure low cost power. It would require rejection of all bids when only a few bidders participate (e.g., two bidders with a 50% ratio; five bidders with a 20% ratio). This rejection would be required even when all prices are below a reasonable benchmark (e.g., MPR) and it would otherwise be reasonable to select those projects.

A seller concentration test adds complexity that is unlikely to provide reasonable offsetting protection. For example, entities may hide behind corporate structures that make determination of concentration ratios both difficult and meaningless. Measurement of concentration is not straightforward. It may include not only bidders but also manufacturers. According to some, it requires adjustment for the number of unaffiliated participants by technology group in a prior auction round. The measurement requires definitions (e.g., bidders, manufacturers, affiliates, technology groups), data collection, and a number of calculations. This introduces the potential for errors and disputes. It substantially increases program complexity.

Protection of ratepayers against an adverse outcome is accomplished more simply and directly via the capacity cap and SPTs adopted herein. That is not to say that competition is not important. It is. In fact, it is a fundamental and vital premise that underlies the entire RPS structure, not limited to but including RAM. We deal below with measuring and enforcing competition.157 We are not convinced at this time, however, that the possible benefits of a specific seller concentration test outweigh potential costs, complexities and disputes.

9.4. Preferred Locations

ED proposes that IOUs make information available on preferred distribution substations based on available capacity of that substation, updated on a real-time basis.158 This will significantly assist projects locate in preferred locations, according to ED, thereby avoiding potential distribution and transmission upgrade costs and delays.

9.4.1. Party Positions

Parties generally agree with the need for and desirability of this data, but present a range of views on feasibility and cost.

SCE proposes providing potential project areas (in the form of a zip code and geographic area bounded by landmarks or specific streets), along with an estimate of approximate available distribution capacity. SCE states that it will update this information as often as possible (including prior to each auction). SCE says this is the same as its solar PV Program auction proposal.159

PG&E believes a real time update may require significant investment in communication platforms and resources for system maintenance while not providing significant benefits, particularly if the auction is held only once per year. PG&E recommends a working group to study the issue.160 SDG&E says it is not practical to determine preferred substations and update this list in real-time.161

SFUI says IOUs should provide this data on a real time basis, arguing that many cities and water authorities have their water and sewer distribution maps on the internet for immediate access by construction professionals. FITC states that Ontario Power Authority maintains two reports with needed FIT interconnection data, updated weekly. FITC recommends the Commission require each IOU to prepare and maintain an interconnection data report following a specified format, updated in real-time.162 Recurrent supports ED's proposal with updates as often as auctions occur (not real-time) with information at the zip code level (but not in more detailed to avoid a land rush by developers).163

9.4.2. Discussion

No party argues that substation data is undesirable, or that it is unnecessary for making informed interconnection decisions. The real issues are the type and amount of data, and frequency of updates.

We recognize that it may be infeasible for an IOU to provide information on all substations during the initial rollout of this program given the large service areas of each IOU. Therefore, an IOU may initially focus on what it determines are "preferred" areas. Preferred areas are likely to be those near load where the IOU has a reasonable expectation of surplus transmission and/or distribution capacity.

The data must be sufficiently detailed to be useful. We agree with parties who assert SCE's proposed "project areas" (zip code and area bounded by landmarks or streets) fails to provide sufficient detail. To be most useful to potential projects, IOUs must provide data at the substation or circuit level. IOUs must have this information in order to execute their responsibilities for daily operations, system scheduling, and infrastructure planning to meet current and future demand. For the initial rollout, we require IOUs to provide information regarding available capacity at the substation or circuit level, or show why it cannot be provided. If unable to initially provide this level of detail because the information is not available, each IOU must provide the data at the most detailed level feasible, and work to increase the precision of the information over time.

We do not require real-time provision of, and updates to, this information since auctions will be held only every 180 days. Rather, we require that the information be provided as soon as possible for the initial auction (but no later than 45 days in advance of the initial auction), and updated no later than 90 days in advance of the each subsequent auction. If it has the ability to do so, we expect each IOU to update this information more frequently. We also expect each IOU to pursue all cost-effective improvements to provide this data at a more detailed level with more timely updates.

We anticipate that each IOU will, over time, provide system-wide information. To not do so requires IOUs to continuously determine what are and are not "preferred" areas. That involves judgment better left to stakeholders. IOUs should eventually provide reasonable data on all areas, and let developers, along with IOUs and other stakeholders, decide if it makes sense to interconnect at various locations.

We recently adopted similar requirements with respect to SCE and PG&E PV programs.164 We there expect each IOU to make reasonable initial disclosures, and implement improvements over time. That same approach is reasonable for the RAM. Moreover, we expect SCE and PG&E to simultaneously incorporate data and improvements with respect to their PV programs into the RAM program, and vice versa.

9.5. Project Milestones

ED proposes a requirement that project sponsors submit a project development milestone timeline to the IOU upon signing the FIT contract, and provide quarterly progress reports to the IOU. The IOU and Commission can thereby monitor development progress, according to ED. ED recommends the only milestone with a resulting consequence is the commercial operation date (COD). ED proposes the COD must be within 18 months of contract execution, subject to one possible six-month extension, and failure to meet the COD deadline results in contract cancellation.

No party presents material objection to the requirement for an informational project development milestone timeline submitted upon contract execution, with quarterly updates thereafter. We adopt this requirement.

We agree with ED and parties that the 18-month milestone should be meaningful, and we decline to adopt other enforceable milestones. We address below the specifics of the 18-month criterion and permissible limited extensions. The result of failing to meet the COD (at the end of 18 months or other authorized extension) in the RAM is contract cancellation.

9.6. Flexible Compliance

ED proposes that an IOU not be allowed to use RAM contracts with projects in the size range of 10 to 20 MW for purposes of flexible compliance (i.e., permissible deferral of some RPS procurement obligations).165 This is part of ED's recommendation for different treatment between projects up to 10 MW and those from 10 MW to 20 MW. ED says IOUs need not submit an advice letter for projects up to 10 MW, similar to the process with the existing FIT for projects up to 1.5 MW. For projects from 10 to 20 MW, ED recommends IOUs submit a Tier 2 advice letter that will become effective in 30 days, unless suspended. ED says these larger projects should not count for flexible compliance since the Commission will not have an opportunity to review their viability.166

IOUs object to ED's proposal because it creates different value for contracts based on size.167 We agree, and decline to adopt ED's proposed flexible compliance treatment for several reasons.

First, our adopted program does not differentiate between projects that are below 10 MW and those from 10 to 20 MW. Neither should the treatment of flexible compliance.

Second, the adopted program includes the same viability requirements for all projects (e.g., site control, developer experience). This largely addresses ED's concern.

Third, we require below that all projects be submitted by advice letter for our consideration. An advice letter filing provides the Commission and the public with the opportunity for review and consideration of any contract that merits particular assessment.

Finally, we agree with IOUs that all RPS contracts should be eligible to be considered for flexible compliance.168 To do otherwise will place a different (and likely lower) value on contracts ineligible for flexible compliance. We see no reason to treat contracts for projects between 10 and 20 MW, or submitted by Tier 2 advice letter, any differently.

9.7. Wait List

The existing FIT allocates an IOU's FIT capacity to projects on a first-come first-served basis. (See D.07-07-027 at 11-12.) When the allocated capacity is fully subscribed, the IOU develops a wait-list of interested projects. ED initially proposed the expanded FIT include a wait-list for interested projects developed on a first-come first-served basis.169

We decline to adopt a wait-list provision. The wait-list is reasonable when the price is fixed in the tariff and supply (i.e., the MW capacity from interested projects) exceeds demand (i.e., the allocated MW capacity). A wait-list is unnecessary when the allocation is based on price via a RAM. An unsuccessful project may simply submit a bid in the next RAM auction or pursue any other available option (e.g., annual bid solicitation, bilateral negotiations).

9.8. Relationship to Voluntary and Other Programs

SCE recommends that the 1,000 MW program cap include the existing FIT (up to 1.5 MW, subject to expansion to 3 MW) plus already executed or about to be executed contracts through an IOU's voluntary programs (e.g., SCE's RSC program, solar PV program).170 VSI and SA disagree.171 We decline to make the 1,000 MW program cap inclusive of voluntary and other programs for the reasons explained below.

SCE says IOUs should be encouraged to propose voluntary programs or take other action without enforcement. SCE asserts that sellers should not be penalized for responding to market needs and proactively creating other opportunities to meet RPS goals. We do not disagree.

SCE fails, however, to convincingly show how not comingling RAM with other mandatory and voluntary programs penalizes an IOU. To the contrary, RAM is simply another tool to help IOUs and the state reach legislatively mandated targets and administratively set goals. We have recognized SCE's initiative and innovation with its RSC program, and encouraged other IOUs to adopt the same approach. (See D.09-06-018 at 62.) We continue to encourage IOUs to be creative and vigorous in program development, administration and execution, including both required and voluntary programs.

We also agree with VSI that SCE's recommendation reduces the size of the RAM program. It does so in unknown ways since voluntary programs contain T&C that differ from the RAM protocols adopted here. This is also true for capacity enrolled in other related programs (e.g., CSI, SGIP, net metering, utility PV). Inclusion of capacity from these other programs in the 1,000 MW capacity for the RAM unnecessarily confuses different programs or tariffs and will complicate data analysis of the RAM program. Thus, the capacity enrolled in any other program or tariff will not be included in the 1,000 MW RAM program cap.

9.9. FERC Certification

ED notes that for SCE and SDG&E the current FIT contains a requirement that the project be certified at FERC as a QF. ED proposes that there be no such requirement for the RAM.

We agree. The RPS program is not the QF program. (§ 399.15(e).) RAM is not a QF program. We decline to impose a QF requirement on RAM.

This does not prevent a project from certifying as a QF. A project may certify as a QF if it wants (and projects 1 MW and less may be QF certified without action), but it need not do so to be eligible for RAM.

Our only requirement is that each project ultimately receives necessary certification from each relevant government agency (e.g., certified environmental impact report from a lead agency). That is, each project must satisfy all applicable federal, state and local laws and regulations. For RAM, that does not include being a QF.

9.10. Conveyance of RECs

The existing program provides that RECs are transferred to the IOU in relationship to the amount of the purchase. For full buy/sell, the IOU buys RECs coincident with the entire generation output. For excess sales, the seller retains RECs for the electricity it uses itself, and the IOU acquires RECs coincident with the excess energy it purchases. (See D.07-07-027 at 33-35.) ED proposes no change relative to the transfer of RECs. We agree.

This treatment of RECs is consistent with the legislative structure of this program, both now and as amended by SB 32.172 Further, transfer of RECs coincident with the purchased energy (either total energy production or excess only) continues to be reasonable for the reasons explained in our 2007 order. (Id.) There is no reason to treat the RAM program differently.

We also decline to complicate these transactions by separating the renewable energy credit (REC) from the energy. Otherwise, for example, the auction will have additional complexity, with bidding for potentially up to nine items (firm, non-firm peaking, non-firm non-peaking electricity for products that are bundled, REC only, and energy without REC). One guiding principle is to keep the RPS Program reasonably simple. This includes the initial rollout of RAM. We may consider separating the REC from the energy in the future, but do not do so here.

10. Contract Terms and Conditions

Standard contract provisions will include several necessary program design-related items discussed above. In addition, we now discuss specific contract terms and conditions raised by ED and addressed by parties.

10.1. Length of Time to COD

10.1.1. Background and Positions

The existing FIT provides that a project must be operational within 18 months or the contract is subject to termination. Termination is not automatic. The IOU must provide notice and opportunity for parties to address termination before termination becomes effective. If unable to reach agreement on a reasonable schedule, the IOU may move forward with termination. (See D.07-07-027 at 38-40.)

For RAM, ED proposes automatic contract termination after 18 months, with developer forfeiture of the project development security deposit. A one-time six-month extension may be permitted, according to ED's proposal, if the project can successfully demonstrate the cause of the delay is due to regulatory processes outside its control (e.g., transmission permitting, generator permitting or interconnection application with a showing that necessary documents were filed, and fees paid, on time). ED recommends that delay due to business risk (e.g., lack of financing, equipment delivery delay) not be acceptable justification for the granting of an extension. If terminated, ED says the project may participate in another RPS opportunity, such as the next RAM auction or annual competitive solicitation, or may negotiate a bilateral contract.173

Parties offer a range of views. CEERT and some parties support ED's proposal in part or whole. CALSEIA says projects over 5 MW may need more time to obtain permits, and recommends considering a longer timeframe combined with project milestone requirements.174 FCE does not object to ED's proposal as long as an appropriate force majeure clause covers events outside the parties' control.175 GPI opposes the 18-month provision, asserting it is unnecessary and harmful unless the 1,000 MW program cap is a realistic constraint.176

10.1.2. Discussion

We think there is merit in a relatively strict length of time provision for RAM, not unlike in the exiting FIT. This streamlines RAM administration, and makes scarce transmission and distribution resources available when they are otherwise tied up in delayed projects.

Strict administration must be balanced with other considerations, however. The future is never certain. Should a legitimate delay occur, a formulaic approach will be harmful to an otherwise viable project and result in higher costs.177 Loss of, or higher cost relative to, an otherwise viable project is not only detrimental to the project but also to the RPS program and California's RPS stakeholders. The requirement need not be blindly applied if neither the RAM 1,000 MW program cap nor T&D limitations are actual constraints.178

We are persuaded by PG&E that the approach which best balances competing recommendations and allows application only when there are true constraints is adoption of a timeframe for termination, with further extensions up to the IOU.179 Therefore, we adopt an 18-month timeframe, with one or more potential six-month extensions. This adopts ED's proposed one-time six-month extension, but also permits others if reasonable.

We permit each potential extension to be at the discretion of the IOU in increments of six months. The IOU must provide notice and opportunity for contracting parties to address termination, just as with FIT (existing). We expect IOUs to award an extension only when the reasons for extension have merit, and the T&D or 1,000 MW program limits are not binding constraints. As PG&E says, this approach will allow a viable project close to commercial operation to continue to completion without penalty.180 This approach will also help a project avoid increased initial financing costs due to the risk of automatic termination outside of the project's control. On the other hand, it will make T&D resources available when T&D is an actual constraint and a project is seriously delayed.

We agree with Sierra Club California that the criteria for a six-month extension should be broadened beyond those proposed by ED.181 We would not, for example, expect an IOU to limit the reasons for an extension to regulatory delays. Rather, an IOU might be willing to consider any delay legitimately outside the control of the developer. An IOU should terminate a contract at the end of 18 months (or the end of an authorized extension), however, if the project fails to adequately demonstrate the merits of an extension. 182

We expect ED and parties to monitor IOU extensions, and take this into consideration as part of future recommendations relative to IOU administration of the RPS program. For example, one or more six-month extensions may be reasonable when they help an IOU reach program targets and goals.183 Unreasonably denying extensions when neither the program cap nor T&D are true constraints, however, might be viewed unfavorably by parties and the Commission (absent compelling reasons to the contrary) if an IOU is otherwise subject to a penalty for failing to reach its annual procurement target.

We decline to adopt other recommendations. For example, IEP contends that ED's recommended strict 18-24 month requirement will limit eligibility to projects that (a) are already interconnected or have strong assurances that no upgrades will be required and (b) have already completed permitting. IEP says this will considerably shrink the universe of potential projects because developers will be required to make significant financial expenditures before they can sign a contract. Moreover, few lenders will agree to finance a project that will lose its contract if it encounters even ordinary construction delays. IEP suggests the cure for these concerns is to allow the project 18 months after contract signing to begin material on-site construction.

We appreciate IEP's creativeness, but we are not persuaded. The record does not contain a definition of material on-site construction, and we decline to develop one. Disputes are likely even if the term is defined. Further, there can potentially be legitimate delays before the beginning of material on-site construction. Therefore, changing the deadline from commercial operation to material on-site construction does not resolve the issue.

In the alternative, IEP suggests that technology-specific timelines may be established in recognition of the different degrees of construction and permitting complexity associated with different renewable technologies. Again, we are not persuaded. The establishment of any timeline requires judgment, and legitimate delays can occur relative to any timeline. Technology-specific timelines do not resolve the issue.

The adopted approach provides a reasonable balance. It keeps developers from clogging the project queue but provides managed flexibility in recognition of the increased size and complexity of the candidate projects. It is reasonably parallel to the existing program, with the addition of potential extensions for good cause in six-month increments at the IOU's discretion.

10.2. Development Deposit

The current FIT does not require a development security deposit. ED proposes RAM require a development security deposit of $20/kW. ED recommends that this deposit is either (a) refunded once the project is operating or (b) applied to the subsequent performance deposit. In response, parties recommend a range of development security deposits from zero184 to at least $30/kW.185

We adopt a development security deposit, based on ED's recommendation, of $20/kW which is either refundable upon achieving commercial operation (e.g., COD) or applied to the subsequent performance deposit. The deposit is due on the date of contract execution in the form of cash or a letter of credit from a reputable U.S. bank.186 It is forfeited if the project fails to come on line within 18 months or other extension granted by the IOU.187

We adopt a development security deposit because IOU costs relative to a failed project are not zero (e.g., there are costs to obtain replacement power). The deposit provides collateral against those costs without requiring a complicated, potentially time consuming and costly study of actual damages. A deposit subject to forfeiture also provides a small additional incentive for the developer to complete the project within the allotted timeframe.

The adopted amount, however, is not so large as to cause a serious impediment. Opponents assert even a small deposit is an unnecessary barrier, but provide no evidence. On the other hand, SCE shows that a $20/kW deposit is less than 1% of an estimated minimal $2,100/kW installed cost for the least expensive renewable project.188

Several parties argue that the pay-for-performance feature of paying only for the delivered product provides sufficient incentive for a developer to bring its project to successful commercial operation, and no additional incentive is necessary. We agree that the pay-for-performance structure provides a powerful incentive. It does not, however, completely compensate for the risk, nor eliminate the cost, to the IOU and ratepayer of a project's failure to reach operation. Moreover, a modest additional incentive for timely completion is reasonable.

Sustainable Conservation argues there should be no development deposit since it is already a significant challenge to obtain project financing and a project should not have to raise additional capital just to hold a place in the queue.189 We disagree. A minimal deposit will help filter out projects that investors believe have no chance of success.

Recurrent recommends increasing the deposit to at least $30/kW in order to strengthen project and developer viability requirements. We have no evidence of the specific degree to which any deposit, or an increase of $10/kW or more, materially affects viability. We address viability in other, more direct ways (e.g., site control, developer experience).

10.3. Performance Deposit

The current FIT does not require a deposit to assure performance.190 ED proposes no performance assurance/delivery term security deposit (herein called performance deposit) for projects between 1.5 MW and 5 MW.191 ED proposes a performance deposit of 5% of expected total project revenue for projects greater than 5 MW.192 Parties present a range of views from no performance deposit for any project to all projects paying a performance deposit.

We adopt a performance deposit for all projects electing subscription under the RAM. We do this because, as PG&E and others convincingly argue, the deposit is a form of collateral that helps compensate the IOU and ratepayers for damages from performance failure, particularly if the project ceases operation and has few or no remaining assets. 193 We also note the desirability of a performance deposit as explained by SCE:

"SCE's experience, however, is that developers continuously reevaluate the financial performance of their project as their operating and maintenance costs, the energy prices available elsewhere in the market, and their tax incentives change over the life of the contract. Determinations are made whether continued performance under a contract is warranted versus other alternatives that may be available to maximize the developer's return on investment. Developers have in the past and continue today to seek ways to terminate their obligations under existing contracts because they believe a better deal may exist. Performance assurance [deposit] is designed to mitigate the consequences of SCE having to replace the failed project with a similar project."194

For projects less than 5 MW, we adopt a performance deposit equal to the development deposit ($20/kW, or less than 1% of the capital cost of the least expensive project).195 That is, the development deposit converts to a performance deposit.

For projects 5 MW and larger, we adopt a performance deposit of 5% of expected total project revenues. We adopt this deposit for projects 5 MW and larger based on ED's recommendation, also noting that SCE requires a similar performance deposit for projects 5 MW and larger as part of its RSC program. We think SCE has reached the right balance between the burden of a larger performance deposit and project size.196

We are not persuaded by Sustainable Conservation, IEP and others who assert without evidence that a performance deposit makes it unreasonably difficult to obtain financing. IEP claims, for example, that an obligation of 5% of expected total revenues for a 20-year contract means a performance deposit equal to one year of revenues, which IEP says "can be prohibitively expensive."197 Even if it "can be" for some, we have no evidence that it is prohibitively expensive for all. Projects of 5 MW and larger must obtain financing of several million dollars. There is no evidence that the incremental difficulty of obtaining financing to also cover the performance deposit is unreasonable or fatal.198 On the other hand, a relatively small performance deposit will help filter out projects that investors believe have no chance of success, provide incremental incentive (in addition to pay-for-performance pricing) for successful performance, and set aside a modest sum relative to possible damages.

A performance deposit becomes a cost of doing business. It does not give any project a particular advantage or disadvantage because it is uniform for all projects of the same size. A rational bidder will include this cost, along with all other costs, in its bid. A winning bid will, therefore, include this cost, which will in turn be paid by ratepayers. A performance deposit provides some ratepayer security (insurance) against poor performance or project failure, and is a reasonable price for ratepayers to pay over the life of the contract (via winning bid prices) for modest protection.

SA and VSI propose, without supporting evidence, that the performance deposit be limited to the lesser of six months or 5% of expected contract revenue.199 We believe ED's proposal strikes the appropriate balance, and SA and VSI do not convincingly demonstrate why it should be modified.

10.4. Performance Obligation

The existing FIT requires (a) performance consistent with good utility (or prudent electrical) practices, (b) liability insurance against IOU losses, and (c) project liability for damages based on an IOU's direct, actual losses. ED proposes keeping these requirements and adding an explicit minimum performance threshold. Specifically, ED proposes a performance obligation of 140% of expected annual net energy production based on two years of rolling production, subject to payment of damages for failure to meet the performance obligation.200 In addition, ED proposes that IOUs bear the risk of scheduling deviations if the generator (a) participates in the CAISO Participating Intermittent Resource Program (PIRP), (b) provides the IOU, as scheduling coordinator, with timely information on availability or (c) provides the IOU with remote access to metered output. In conjunction with 10- to 20-year contracts, the performance obligation facilitates IOU long-term renewable resource planning, according to ED.201

Comments range from support to opposition. IOUs generally support ED's proposal. PG&E proposes additional conditions to prevent sellers from underestimating output. For example, PG&E recommends an IOU pay the project the lower of spot price or 75% of contract price for output in excess of 120% of forecast net production. This facilitates IOU scheduling and planning, according to PG&E, by not letting the seller under-forecast output to avoid the risk of paying damages. PG&E also recommends specificity regarding "timely information" of project schedules to improve an IOU's ability to remarket excess FIT electricity.202 SCE proposes use of predetermined capacity factors by technology.203 Sustainable Conservation and other parties oppose ED's proposal on the basis that it is too onerous and makes financing more difficult.

We agree with ED on retention of existing FIT requirements for performance consistent with good utility (or prudent electrical) practices, liability insurance against IOU losses, and payment of damages based on an IOU's direct, actual losses. We decline to adopt a minimum threshold performance obligation for non-firm, but do so for firm products.

A specific minimum output requirement subject to a penalty calculation is inconsistent with the variable production nature of an intermittent (non-firm) resource. It also adds unnecessary complexity to contract administration for non-firm resources relative to the existing FIT. For example, if adopted here, parties may legitimately dispute measurements applied to the criteria (e.g., performance, price formulas, capacity factors).

Pay-for-performance is a powerful incentive for project performance. We rely on the self-interest of the project in maximizing its revenue to reasonably guide performance, particularly in the context of prices differentiated by season and time of delivery.

There is also a limited performance deposit as collateral. Failure of the project to perform (e.g., failure to perform consistent with prudent electrical practices) exposes the project to damages based on an IOU's actual losses, including loss of the performance deposit or more. This is also a powerful incentive for performance without a more specifically defined performance obligation.

We note that non-firm resources have been delivered under the QF program for nearly 30 years. No party presents evidence that this experience supports a minimum performance obligation here, and we are aware of none.

On balance, we seek a RAM that is relatively simple. This is one area where simplicity can control because the desired performance outcome will be reasonably achieved via other provisions, including pay-for-performance, project self-interest, a performance deposit, a requirement for performance consistent with good utility (or prudent electrical) practices, liability insurance against IOU losses, payment of IOU damages based on direct, actual losses, and generation profiles/characteristics by product to assure the product is delivered consistent with the underlying bid and contract.

These same factors will largely also result in the desired performance outcome for firm resources. In addition, however, we adopt ED's recommendation of minimum deliveries of 140% of expected annual net energy production based on two years of rolling production. While simple and minimal, this provides a reasonable additional requirement consistent with the additional commitment expected of a firm resource. We decline without prejudice to adopt the recommendations of PG&E (e.g., lower prices for generation in excess of 120% of forecast) or SCE (use of capacity factors by technology). The proposals fail to contain sufficiently specific language, are not adequately supported by evidence, and are unreasonably complicated. We will give further consideration to these or other concepts, however, if proposed with the advice letters to implement RAM.

10.5. Damages for Failure to Perform

The existing FIT limits damages to actual, direct damages, but does not state a maximum dollar amount. In no event under the existing FIT is either party liable for consequential, incidental, punitive, exemplary or indirect damages, lost profits or other business interruption damages, regardless of cause.

ED proposes the RAM have a damage limit, wherein damages are capped at a level equal to the contract price minus average market price for the term year, but no greater than $0.05/kWh and no less than $0.02/kWh. In support, ED says a damage calculation is needed to enforce a performance obligation, but should be capped to ensure the contract may be financed and provide certainty to investors.204

Parties present a range of views. PG&E and SCE support ED's proposal. SDG&E says the $0.05 to $0.02 range is arbitrary and damages should be uncapped. Sustainable Conservation, RR and others state that ED's proposed damages are excessive, even if limited, and should be reduced or eliminated. IEP asserts that a project should not be penalized for failure to perform by a minimum $0.02/kWh penalty (e.g., if the market price is lower than the contract price). For the following reasons, we continue existing provisions and decline to adopt ED's proposed damage limit.

We have no data to specifically relate the risk and cost to ratepayers of capped damages compared to the benefits, if any, from an increased ability to finance a project or provide certainty to investors. We have no specific data to assess the merits of the recommended range (i.e., $0.05/kWh and $0.02/kWh) versus another range. We also agree with IEP that it is unreasonable to set a minimum penalty even when actual damages are less. In the absence of information justifying a change, we think the best approach is to limit damages to actual amounts as we do now.

Therefore, we require continuation of the existing provision that performance be consistent with good utility (or prudent electrical) practices; damages be limited to the actual, direct amount; and neither party is liable for consequential, incidental, punitive, exemplary or indirect damages, lost profits or other business interruption damages regardless of cause.

10.6. Force Majeure and Events of Default

PG&E's existing FIT defines force majeure, and states that during a force majeure event PG&E (a) need not pay for energy or capacity and (b) may require the seller to curtail, interrupt or reduce deliveries. The existing FITs for SCE and SDG&E do not define force majeure and do not contain provisions similar to those of PG&E. All three existing FITs contain various terms related to other events of default (e.g., failure by seller to take corrective action after notice; seller's abandonment of facility).

ED proposes that terms for force majeure and events of default be included in the FIT contract since these terms protect both buyer and seller from events outside their control.205 Parties generally support ED's proposal, and provide limited comments.

We agree with SA and VSI that force majeure must be defined, and, to the extent there is liability, provisions must protect both buyer and seller, not just the IOU.206 Terms for force majeure and events of default should be part of RAM.

No party objects to other provisions related to events of default (e.g., failure by seller to take corrective action after notice; seller's abandonment of facility). These terms shall continue from the existing FIT into the RAM.

10.7. Insurance

Insurance provisions in the current FITs vary. PG&E's FIT includes a general liability insurance requirement of no less than $1 million for facilities between 0.1 MW and 1.5 MW (with reduced limits for smaller facilities), along with necessary requirements and conditions (e.g., insurance is primary and not excess to insurance maintained by PG&E). SCE's and SDG&E's FITs require general liability insurance of not less than $2 million for facilities between 0.1 MW and 1.5 MW (with reduced amounts for smaller facilities), along with necessary requirements and conditions. ED proposes that existing terms continue.

Comments vary. IOUs recommend higher insurance amounts for larger projects. SCE states it is revising insurance requirements under the existing FIT, but provides no specifics. FCE and others agree with ED that existing insurance requirements are reasonable.207 SA and VSI state that insurance requirements should be consistent across the three IOUs, and recommend adoption of the levels used by PG&E.208

We agree with ED and generally continue existing terms. We have no compelling evidence, however, that the potential loss materially differs between IOU service areas. Therefore, in the interest of simplicity and uniformity, we agree with SA and VSI that the insurance limits and terms should be the same among IOUs.

We agree with IOUs that insurance limits should be relative to the potential loss, but we have no evidence in this record that specifically relates potential loss and project size.209 Moreover, we have no specific proposals that increase the insurance requirements by project size. On the other hand, SA and VSI state that, even with over 50,000 solar arrays in the United States, they are unaware of any documented case of an inverter-based solar energy system causing personal injury or property damage to a utility worker or utility.210

The level used by SCE and SDG&E is relatively modest and not unreasonable. It provides slightly more protection for ratepayers than the level used by PG&E. For the RAM, we adopt the existing $2 million limit used by SCE and SDG&E for facilities greater than 0.1 MW (with reduced amounts for smaller facilities).

Environmental Council asserts insurance requirements are overly burdensome, and that there is limited need for insurance because of existing CAISO requirements. It also says the threat of losing queue position and forfeiting deposits limits the need for insurance.211 We are not convinced.

Environmental Council presents no credible data showing that the level of insurance premium for a $2 million policy is an overly burdensome percentage of either investment or operating cost. Nor does it show that the threat of losing queue position and deposits adequately changes behavior to offset or eliminate the risk of insured loss, or that the level of deposits adequately addresses potential losses covered by general liability insurance. On the other hand, it is clear that insurance is a reasonable and time-tested method to address risk and potential loss.

10.8. Scheduling Coordinator

PG&E's existing FIT requires that PG&E be the seller's scheduling coordinator. (PG&E § 399.20 PPA at 10.1 "Scheduling Obligations.") ED proposes that the IOU bear the risk of scheduling deviations if the generator provides the IOU, as scheduling coordinator, with timely information on its availability.212

We adopt a requirement for the RAM that the IOU be the scheduling coordinator for the project, and the IOU bear the risk of scheduling deviations if the generator provides the IOU, as the scheduling coordinator, with timely information on its availability. The IOU can decline scheduling coordinator responsibilities only upon a written, affirmative request from the seller that the IOU not be the scheduling coordinator, or if unable to perform scheduling coordinator duties (e.g., for a project out of its service area, or out-of-state). This approach simplifies RAM administration and is reasonable.

10.9. Termination, Changes and Ongoing Commission Authority

Sections 4 and 14 of the existing FIT of SCE and SDG&E contain the following provisions:

4.2. [SCE/SDG&E] may elect to terminate this Agreement at 12.:01 A.M. on the 61st day after [SCE/SDG&E] provides written Notice pursuant to Section 10 of this Agreement to the Producer of [SCE's/SDG&E's] intent to terminate this Agreement for one or more of the following reasons:

    (a) A change in applicable Tariffs as approved or directed by the Commission or a change in any local, state or federal law, statute or regulation, any of which materially alters or otherwise materially affects [SCE's/SDG&E's] ability or obligation to perform [SCE's/SDG&E's] duties under this Agreement;

14.2 This Agreement shall, at all times, be subject to such changes or modifications by the Commission as it may from time to time direct in the exercise of its jurisdiction.

14.4. Notwithstanding any other provisions of this Agreement, [SCE/SDG&E] shall have the right to unilaterally file with the Commission an application for change in rates, charges, classification, service, Tariffs or any agreement relating thereto; pursuant to the Commission's rules and regulations.

FMG objects. FMG asserts that the ability of the IOU to terminate a contract based on change in tariff or federal, state or local law creates unreasonable uncertainty, thereby jeopardizing project financiability. FMG also states that the provision allowing changes or modifications by the Commission creates confusion and discourages project financing.213 We disagree. These provisions should be included by all three IOUs in the RAM.

We have a fundamental responsibility to balance the short-term and long-term needs of all stakeholders, including sellers, buyers and ratepayers. We direct IOUs to buy electricity from RPS facilities under specified terms and conditions, thereby creating a market with assured demand. We secure that direction by, among other things, requiring parties engaging in these transactions to enter into a standard contract.

The provisions at issue here allow the IOU to terminate the contract only upon a material change affecting the IOU's ability or obligation to perform due to a change in federal, state or local law, or Commission approved or directed change in tariff. Multiple protections are inherent in this process against creation of unreasonable uncertainty or confusion, or the taking of arbitrary or unreasonable actions.

For example, contract termination can occur only if the change is material.214 Termination can occur only after a period of 60 days, giving parties a reasonable opportunity to negotiate agreeable modifications. Contract disputes are subject to dispute resolution provisions in the contract (e.g., arbitration, mediation), Commission review, or judicial review.

A change in federal, state or local law occurs only after a period of public input. A change in law involves a vote by the legislature, affirmation or veto by the Executive Branch, and is subject to judicial review.215 A Commission approved or ordered change occurs only after notice and opportunity for all parties to be heard. Commission orders are subject to judicial review.

These provisions allow for reasonable treatment of future unknowns (e.g., change in law that responds to a future situation not foreseeable today). They provide due process for sellers, reasonable limits on the IOU's ability to terminate or change, and protection for ratepayers against the most significant of possible adverse events. This is a reasonable approach to handing future unknowns and balancing all stakeholder interests. It is within a framework of due process before legislatures, executive branches, the judiciary, and the Commission. The provisions require notice and a reasonable period before termination (allowing an opportunity for negotiation). They are limited to material events, and dispute resolution procedures may be invoked. This provides a reasonable balance of competing interests. It is within our responsibilities and jurisdiction to require inclusion of these terms in the standard contract.

Moreover, each RAM tariff and the RAM program is authorized by the Commission. We have ongoing responsibility to ensure that each IOU's tariffs and procurement programs are-and remain-prudent and in the public interest. Ongoing Commission jurisdiction is a reasonable term. Sellers unable or unwilling to accept these provisions may negotiate other treatment in another, non-tariff venue (e.g., bilateral agreements, IOU voluntary programs). Acceptance of the Commission-authorized RAM standard contract, however, should include a seller's agreement to these provisions.

Regarding an IOU's right to file an application, there can be no dispute that an IOU may apply for changes in a tariff, agreement or program over which the Commission has jurisdiction. Section 14.4 states a right that is not in dispute. Similarly, there is nothing that prohibits a seller from seeking appropriate relief in any venue in which it has standing (e.g., before the Commission or elsewhere). This is a reasonable balance of competing interests while protecting ratepayers against adverse outcomes.

Therefore, RAM for the three IOUs shall contain these terms.

11. Regulation and Commission Oversight

11.1. Advice Letter Review

The existing FIT program does not require that an IOU file a signed FIT contract by advice letter with the Commission. This is because the existing FIT uses a fixed rate stated in the tariff along with a standard contract all predetermined to be just and reasonable up to a maximum program quantity. Our primary need is to keep informed, which we do via periodic reports. (See D.07-07-027 at 7 and 15.)

For RAM, ED proposes, for projects up to 10 MW, that IOUs need not file an advice letter upon contract execution. ED proposes, for projects from 10 MW to 20 MW, that IOUs file Tier 2 advice letters that become effective in 30 days, unless suspended by the Commission.216 SCE recommends that all contracts executed through the RAM process be submitted by Tier 2 advice letter following each auction.217

The RAM differs from the existing FIT because the rate, even if subject to an SPT, is not preset by the Commission and unambiguously stated in a published tariff. Rather, the RAM rate is determined by the parties pursuant to the specified RAM protocol. Therefore, we agree with SCE and require each signed contract to be filed with the Commission.

We decline to require a Tier 2 process, which imposes an additional 30-day delay. Rather, the IOU may use Tier 1 for projects with a price up to the applicable SPT. This provides notice to the Commission and the public about the contract (including confidential information for the Commission and those members of the public eligible to receive such information) but does not delay implementation. 218 Tier 1 is reasonable because we have preapproved the price setting mechanism, and the level of Commission review is subject to an SPT. We have preapproved standard contract T&C, and the program is subject to a maximum capacity amount. We decline to adopt ED's approach for separate treatment of projects between 10 MW and 20 MW, and therefore need not consider a separate advice letter requirement.

We require each IOU to file one advice letter that combines and includes all of its RAM contracts with prices up to the SPT, and to do so within 30 days of the date of the auction. We do this to provide a uniform and efficient structure for program administration, and to facilitate Commission and party review. We direct above that IOUs propose uniform schedules for simultaneously conducting each RAM (e.g., bidders' submission of bids; bid evaluation; notification by IOU to bidders of results; bidder notification to IOUs of intent to proceed; standard contract execution by parties). The final step in that process is for each IOU to batch all of its winning must-take contracts and file one advice letter.

Contracts that are not must-take (i.e., beyond the capacity cap or at a price higher than the SPT) may be entered into at the discretion of the IOU. The IOU may submit those contracts for Commission review under our other processes (e.g., Tier 3 advice letter or application).

11.2. Program Evaluation

ED recommends that the RAM be evaluated annually.219 We agree.

As we have said elsewhere in this order, we adopt necessary design elements and details for the initial rollout of the RAM. We expect ED and parties to continually monitor the RAM, and recommend modifications based on evidence, if and as necessary. We caution respondents and parties that a proposed modification must be based on factual evidence or appropriate legal argument. We will not entertain re-litigation of the decisions herein absent new facts or law.

Periodic reports are necessary so that proposed modifications, if any, are based on evidence. To facilitate monitoring, we require each IOU to annually file a report on the RAM with ED. The report should also include an evaluation of relevant conditions, as discussed more below. The first report shall be filed 180 days from the date today's order is issued. The Executive Director may change the date for filing the first and subsequent reports, as necessary and reasonable, for efficient administration. Respondents and parties may seek modification by request to the Executive Director (e.g., Rule 16.6 of the Commission's Rules of Practice and Procedure.) Each IOU shall post each report on its web page. Each IOU shall also post the date for the next report. 220 The information in these reports shall be reviewed by ED and shall be reflected in the Commission's reports to the legislature on the RPS program. (See D.09-06-049 at 47.)

11.3. Data

ED recommends the annual evaluation include review of competitiveness, auction design, time necessary to complete projects, auction timing, and project status.221 We agree.

The annual report of each IOU must include information on, and evaluation of, each of these five items. It must also include any other relevant information, data and analysis to present a complete report to the Commission. IOUs should work with ED and parties to design a report template that includes these elements.

Regarding the first item (competitiveness), parties present the complete range of views about whether or not the relevant market is competitive. GPI, for example, asserts the California renewables market is not competitive.222 IOUs, VSI and others assert the market is competitive.223

The most fundamental and important requirement for success of the adopted RAM approach is that competition in the relevant RPS market at issue here (up to 20 MW) is fair and vigorous. We adopt a maximum program capacity (1,000 MW) and an SPT (50% above MPR) for streamlined or more intense Commission contract review as mitigation measures against it not being so. We may, however, want to adjust mitigation measures or revise the program if the market is not adequately competitive. Therefore, as ED proposes, it is vital that the data include information on competition and competitiveness.

This must begin no later than the first report, which we will require 180 days from the date this order is issued. Each IOU should propose one or more candidate definitions of a competitive market, 224 along with its recommendation. Each IOU should propose tools to measure market competition generally, and in this market specifically. Each IOU should also present specific information and data that measure and evaluate the competition in the relevant market here. Each IOU may also state recommendations for improvement, if any.

As more information and data are available over time, we expect IOU reports to include, at a minimum, the following information and data on competition and competitiveness:

· Definition of relevant market

· Measures of market competition generally (e.g., homogeneity of product, degree of influence on price, availability of information, ease of movement of resources); and, if different, specifically for the relevant market here

· Measures of market power (e.g., n-firm concentration ratio; Hirschman-Herfindahl Index; Lerner Index)

· Seller concentration

· Data on each auction (based on all bidders, before projects are selected), such as

· Data on each auction result (after projects are selected), such as

· Any other data necessary to present a complete report.

The first report from each IOU should present information, evaluation and recommendations on the definition of competition and measures of competition, even if actual data is not yet available. Over time, IOUs should present data and evaluation regarding ways to increase the competitiveness in this market, and recommendations for improvements, if any. For example, if improvements are desirable, IOUs should address ways to increase the availability of information, ensure no participant may influence the price, and improve market competitiveness.

We expect ED to determine the details and format of each report, working with IOUs and parties, to the extent feasible, to ensure that the report details and format are reasonable. ED should post completed IOU reports on the Commission web page, if feasible.

PG&E is concerned that the annual evaluation of the RAM program may duplicate existing requirements and delay the annual solicitation for other RPS facilities.225 We expect ED to work with IOUs and parties to ensure that duplication is minimized or eliminated. We encourage IOUs to make proposals as necessary to ensure annual solicitations are not delayed (e.g., file a motion to initiate the next solicitation if a delay otherwise appears imminent).

PG&E is also concerned that there will be insufficient information in the early years of the program to evaluate results, and suggests the Commission may wish to postpone the first evaluation until 18 months after the first projects are selected.226 We decline to adopt this recommendation. The first report should contain information on definition and measurement of competition, with preliminary results to the extent feasible. This work is key to further understanding and development of this particular market and the success of the RAM. We expect the data to improve with time, but are confident that IOUs can provide meaningful and informative data (even if preliminary) beginning shortly after program initiation.

VSI and SA propose that the annual evaluation process be formalized,227 and CALSEIA recommends an annual public review to identify needed modifications.228 We decline to adopt these recommendations. We anticipate eventually considering all procurement matters in the LTPP. In the meantime, we now review RPS matters in the periodic review of RPS competitive solicitations. The assigned Commissioner already requires IOUs to report on all tools used to reach RPS targets and goals, including tariffs/standard contracts pursuant to § 399.20.229 IOUs should continue to do so, including information on the RAM adopted here. Absent later need for separate evaluation, we expect to consider RAM issues there.

11.4. Confidentiality of Data

We have rules regarding confidentiality of electric procurement data. (See D.06-06-006, as modified by D.07-05-032; the Confidentiality Decision.) Those rules presume "that information should be publicly disclosed and that any party seeking confidentiality bears a strong burden of proof." (Id. at 2.) Due to strong public interest in RPS, we require greater public access to RPS data than other data. (Id. at 3.) We reaffirm the importance of greater public access to RPS data here consistent with the Confidentiality Decision. We emphasize, for the reasons explained below, that this is particularly true for RAM.

ED proposes that it release RAM data on an aggregated basis to the extent consistent with our rules. ED says individual bid prices will remain confidential.230

Parties present a range of views. FITC argues that winning prices for each project must be revealed or the key aspect of RAM identified by ED (i.e., that RAM provides a long-term investment signal) will not be fulfilled.231 VSI, TURN and others recommend maximum disclosure of pricing bids.232 Absent complete transparency, SA proposes an after-the-fact review by a designated PRG.233 PG&E points out that limited aggregate information (i.e., number of projects, megawatts per resource type) may be disclosed, but information on offers received in a solicitation may not be made public for three years.234

Information is vital to an effectively functioning competitive market. We expect IOUs and ED to make the maximum amount of information public. In fact, all data must be public unless a party carries a strong burden of proof otherwise, consistent with the Confidentiality Decision. It is particularly important for RAM due to our reliance on the underlying market being competitive.

It is also important that the maximum amount of price information be available in order to gain public acceptance of RAM. The majority of parties recommending a fixed price FIT, for example, do so because they assert it is open, transparent and objective, while RAM, absent adequate price and other information, is closed, opaque and subjective. The goal of RAM may be lower prices (compared to a fixed price FIT), but without price data, and market information on the degree of competition, the public must take on faith any statement (including those made by an IOU or the Commission) that costs have been reduced or competition achieved. RAM program credibility requires that IOU and Commission administration provide full opportunity for the public to assess the merits of RAM and reach its own conclusions. Therefore, the maximum price and other information must be revealed, consistent with the Confidentiality Decision.

We expect ED, respondents and parties to explore all reasonable means to make price and other information widely available. This may involve, for example, releasing aggregated data. It may also involve release of specific data (e.g., maximum, minimum, average, individual prices) without reference to the seller.

SA recommends certain tasks be performed by a PRG. In particular, SA recommends the PRG examine auction results to assure price and viability criteria were properly applied. We agree. The PRG is to review RPS procurement. That should include RAM.

11.5. Cost Recovery

AReM proposes that costs related to the expanded FIT should be borne by bundled service customers, and not customers of ESPs or CCAs. IOUs, TURN and others believe all customers should bear the costs of an expanded FIT, including customers of ESPs and CCAs.

We currently permit an IOU to recover costs incurred in meeting its RPS obligations (including existing FIT costs) from its bundled customers. These are typically part of generation or procurement costs recovered via each utility's annual Energy Resource Recovery Account proceeding. We also permit recovery of appropriate non-bypassable costs (including stranded costs associated with RPS resources) from certain customers that depart from the utility bundle after those new resources are procured.235 We are not persuaded to make any change for the RAM. We recently reached the same conclusion regarding a similar program,236 and know of no reason to reach a different result here.

11.6. Price in Excess of MPR After Above Market Funds are Exhausted

SCE asserts that an IOU's obligation to procure an RPS contract at a cost above MPR is limited. SCE says that each IOU has a statutory limit on the total costs it must spend above market prices for procurement of renewable energy to reach RPS targets, citing § 399.15(d) in support. According to SCE, the Commission is obligated to apply above MPR costs toward the above market fund cost limitation, and IOUs are required to procure renewable energy at a cost above MPR only until the cost limitation is reached. SCE concludes that RAM must not require an IOU to procure renewable energy at a cost above MPR in those cases.237

We disagree. VSI, for example, convincingly argues otherwise.238 The above market cost cap cited by SCE is applicable only if five conditions are met. The first condition is that the contract must be selected through the competitive solicitation process established in § 399.14(d). That process is the annual bid solicitation pursuant to each IOU's renewable energy procurement plan. We have authorized several such plans. (See, for example, D.05-07-039, D.06-05-039, D.07-02-011, D.08-02-008, D.09-06-018.) The selected contract must be accepted by the Commission based on consistency with the approved plan. As VSI correctly notes, this excludes renewable electricity procured in several other ways, such as bilateral contacts, SGIP, CSI, and the existing FIT (§ 399.20). It also excludes contracts pursuant to RAM.

12. Counting Excess Sales Toward Program Capacity Limit

PG&E, SCE and SDG&E must offer existing FIT customers the choice of selling electricity under an arrangement of either (a) full buy/sell or (b) excess sales.239 (See D.07-07-027 at 33-38. 240) PG&E and SCE ask for further consideration of how electricity sold under excess sales is measured toward the program maximum capacity (originally 250 MW). We use the seller's entire rated generating capacity (also called installed or nameplate capacity) for the reasons explained below.

FIT program maximum capacity (250 MW under AB 1969; 750 MW under SB 32) is measured in megawatts, not megawatt-hours. That is, the law provides that capacity is measured as "rated generating capacity."241 PG&E correctly says: "[b]ecause the statute speaks of limits in terms of capacity, not energy, the progress toward program limits should be measured in MW, not MWh."242

No party disputes that for full buy/sell the IOU uses the entire rated generating capacity of the facility, measured in megawatts. SCE reports that this is the installed capacity. PG&E refers to this as nameplate capacity. The standard contract of each IOU requires the project to state its total generating capacity.

There are two recommendations for treatment of excess sales. The first is to use the entire rated (installed, nameplate) capacity, just as with full buy/sell. The second is to subtract the customer's load from the full rated capacity and use only net capacity.

We are persuaded by SCE and others to use the first approach (entire rated capacity). The seller knows the capacity of the plant, the contract can require that the seller provide this information to the buyer, and the buyer can reasonably confirm the capacity. Use of entire rated capacity is direct and simple. It is less likely to result in disputes and uncertainties about project amounts, and whether and when the program capacity limit has been reached.

IEP, VSI, Recurrent and GPI argue that only the excess sales portion of a customer's production should count against the program limit. To do so, excess capacity must be measured. IEP recommends:

"...the difference between the nameplate capacity of the customer's generating facility and customer's historical peak demand could provide a basis for the calculation of excess capacity."243

VSI and Recurrent recommend the historical peak demand be measured over the last year.

We decline to adopt a method that requires determination of excess capacity. There are multiple ways to measure demand.244 Needless decisions would be required, measurements taken, and disputes likely.

Moreover, a method selected for existing customers does not address new customers (who have no historic demand). To address new customers, VSI and Recurrent recommend that for "new load, peak demand will need to be based on a reasonable estimate."245 We decline to adopt an approach that relies on an estimate, which may or may not be accurate and may require a subsequent true-up adjustment.

An alternative is to convert energy to capacity via a formula. We are not persuaded that we need to engage in conversion. We have no such formula, and decline to create one. Once created, it would require data, and would open the opportunity for disputes. Rather, we opt for a more direct and simple approach to reasonably implement this provision of the law.

Several parties argue in favor of using excess capacity because applying total capacity toward the total program limit (rather than applying only the amount in excess of load) will exhaust the program limit more quickly. While this concern is valid, we also note that the program limit may be increased, if and when appropriate. We balance measuring and administering a net capacity metric against modifying the maximum capacity cap, and conclude the latter is a preferable remedy, if needed. We encourage IOUs, parties and staff to bring concerns about program exhaustion to our attention when appropriate so remedies, if any, can be considered. In the meantime, we opt for simplicity absent a convincing need for complexity.

13. Third Party Ownership

Consistent with statute at the time, our initial implementation of the FIT required that eligible electric generation facilities be owned and operated by the retail customer of the electrical corporation, and be located on property owned or under the control of the retail customer.246 (§ 399.20(b) before amendment by SB 32.) We were also interested in the possibility of other ownership options, including partial or full ownership by electrical corporations or others. (See, for example, D.08-02-008 at 32-35.) Our interest was in exploring all reasonable opportunities for renewable resource development while promoting reasonable competition and efficiency. Parties were asked to comment.

PG&E commented that "[t]hird party ownership and financing should increase the number of potential sellers and therefore increase the amount of renewable generation in the state."247 We continue to be interested in removing barriers that unnecessarily hinder consideration and development of reasonable projects. We think that increased opportunities for ownership and financing are generally positive.

On the other hand, several parties pointed out that partial or full third-party ownership would require an amendment to the law because, at the time parties filed comments on this matter, § 399.20 required that the project be owned and operated by the retail customer and be located on property owned or under the control of the retail customer. The law has now been amended. (SB 32.)

As amended, there is no longer a requirement that the seller be a retail customer of the electrical corporation, nor that the project be located on property owned or under the control of the retail customer. (§ 399.20(b) as amended by SB 32.) We know of no reason why RAM should be different from the current version of the underlying FIT program. This change should increase the number of potential sellers, the amount of competition, and the amount of renewable generation. Therefore, consistent with § 399.20(b), as amended by SB 32, RAM tariffs/standard contracts filed pursuant to this order shall not require that the seller be a retail customer, nor that the facility be located on property owned or under the control of the retail customer.

PG&E points out a potential adverse effect of third party ownership: program manipulation. 248 For instance, PG&E says the ownership structure can be easily dissolved and reconstituted as a different entity if the facility is a limited liability company. Potential sellers may use this ownership structure to terminate an existing contract and execute a new one at a higher price. PG&E states this risk is manageable now, but suggests reconsideration if this adverse effect begins to occur.

This risk, albeit now manageable, exists throughout the RPS program. It is not limited to small projects (procured via annual bid solicitation or any other procurement mechanism), and is not limited to RAM. Similarly, the cure is not limited to small projects or RAM.

The cure used in the current RPS program is generally via deposit and damage provisions for failure to fulfill the contract. Damages may include forfeiture of development or performance deposits, and liability for actual damages. We agree with PG&E that the risk is manageable now, and has generally been reasonably addressed via deposit and damage provisions, and other T&C of the contract. We encourage IOUs, staff and parties to make proposals (supported by facts and arguments) to change deposit and damage provisions, change other provisions, or add new provisions, if necessary, should an IOU or party find this element of the program needs improvement.

14. Other

Parties were asked to identify anything else the Commission should consider before completing implementation of an expanded FIT. Parties present limited additional issues, which we have either addressed above or need not address now for purposes of initial implementation of RAM.

For example, SCE urges the Commission to assist and encourage IOUs in their development of voluntary programs, such as SCE's Standard Biomass Program (now SCE's RSC program).249 We have done so. We cited D.09-06-018 earlier in this order (pointing out our recognition of SCE's initiative and innovation with voluntary programs, and encouragement of other IOUs adopting a similar approach). We have considered but rejected related proposals above (e.g., counting capacity acquired under voluntary programs toward the 1,000 MW RAM program cap). SDG&E proposes that above market costs of RAM be shared by all customers.250 We have addressed that above.

We have resolved all issues necessary for the initial rollout of RAM. Parties may subsequently raise issues that merit further consideration as we continue to examine and implement RAM.

15. Implementation

15.1. RAM Tariff

We expect PG&E, SCE and SDG&E to work diligently with the other IOUs, ED staff and parties to develop, to the fullest extent feasible, one common RAM tariff . The tariff shall include (or attach) a standard contract and all other documents necessary to establish RAM bidding protocols in order to efficiently and effectively administer RAM. These are the implementation and administrative details needed to execute RAM. This may include, for example, RAM solicitation materials that will be provided to potential bidders; statement of solicitation amounts of firm, non-firm peaking and non-firm non-peaking for each of the four auctions; process for bidders to submit bids; bid forms and protocols; timeline; definitions (if necessary and appropriate) of terms for project viability criteria; criteria to ensure bids are submitted on a comparable basis; generation profiles or other characteristics that correspond to the product; and any other detail needed for successful program execution. The tariff shall incorporate the orders herein, and, to the fullest extent reasonable, shall use the same form, format and language.251

PG&E, SCE and SDG&E shall file Tier 2 advice letters within 21 days of the date this order is mailed. Each IOU's advice letter shall explain differences between the tariffs, if any, and state reasons in support.

Parties may file and serve comments or protests within 20 days of the date the advice letter is filed. (General Order 96-B, § 7.4.) Unless suspended by the Energy Division Director, the advice letter shall become effective 30 days from the date the advice letter is filed.

The first auction pursuant to the RAM will be held within 90 days of the date the last of the three RAM tariffs/standard contracts/bid protocols is effective, and will be held simultaneously by the three IOUs. Subsequent RAM auctions will be held no later than every 180 days thereafter, and will be held simultaneously by the three IOUs. The timing of each auction shall be supervised by the Commission. The Executive Director may, for good cause, change these timeframes upon notice to the IOUs and service list, but shall do everything reasonably possible to ensure that two auctions are held per year. IOUs shall request extensions consistent with procedures in the Commission's Rules of Practice and Procedure. (Rule 16.6.)

15.2. Existing Tariff

Existing FIT-the statutory MPR-based fixed price tariff for 250 MW of water/wastewater retail customers-applies to projects independently of the RAM.252 We will soon update the existing FIT to address final implementation issues scoped in June 2008, along with provisions of SB 32. This will include, for example, treatment of excess sales to program capacity limits, third party ownership, an updated price, an updated MW allocation (from 250 MW for water/wastewater customers of electrical corporations to 750 MW for all customers of electrical corporations and local publicly owned electric utilities), and other items as appropriate.

16. Comments on Proposed Decision

On August 24, 2010, the proposed decision of Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) Burton W. Mattson in this matter was mailed to parties in accordance with Section 311 of the Public Utilities Code and Rule 14.3 of the Commission's Rules of Practice and Procedure (Rules). On _________, comments were filed by ___________. On __________, reply comments were filed on by __________.

17. Assignment of Proceeding

Michael R. Peevey is the assigned Commissioner, and Anne E. Simon and Burton W. Mattson are the assigned ALJs for this proceeding.

Findings of Fact

1. It is feasible and desirable to streamline the procurement process for smaller projects by expanding the existing FIT.

2. The CEC has repeatedly recommended that we study and implement a FIT for projects up to 20 MW, and a project size of 20 MW is used for many program and regulatory purposes.

3. The existing FIT applies the per project (transaction) limit in relationship to the amount the IOU is buying, not the size of the seller's facility.

4. Interconnection procedures exist for all projects (from less than 1 MW to several hundred MW), these procedures require system stability and cost studies, and interconnection requirements do not differ depending upon how the price is determined.

5. Balancing of risks among all stakeholders in the RPS program is a consideration at all project sizes, and is best addressed by contract terms and conditions rather than a per project size limitation.

6. The RPS and QF programs overlap, and are closely related, but are separate programs.

7. RAM is a market-based pricing mechanism wherein the price is set by the seller and buyer, not the Commission.

8. The QF market for projects 20 MW and less is not sufficiently competitive to let the market by itself reach a just and reasonable result, while the RPS market is premised upon employing competition to reach optimal outcomes.

9. An RAM-determined rate provides reasonable price certainty for the purposes of project economic evaluation and subsequent cash-flow for cost recovery.

10. Projects at issue here, even if relatively small, are costly, with an investment cost that can be more than $1 million.

11. The time and cost of an administrative process to set a fixed rate for a FIT tariff is not zero, and could be the same as or more than the sum of all RAM bid preparation costs.

12. Compared to a revenue requirement cap, a total capacity cap of 1,000 MW is relatively simple while being sufficiently large to test the adopted program expansion but sufficiently small to provide protection against adverse outcomes.

13. A limited must-take obligation provides reasonable certainty for and balance between (a) the market (regarding regulatory approach), (b) ratepayers (regarding cost and resource portfolio), and (c) IOUs (regarding cost-recovery); while reasonably implementing Commission authority to establish IOU procurement practices, including resource-specific targets.

14. Requiring deliveries on the basis of RPS eligibility standards as determined by CEC matches the same provision in the annual bid solicitation portion of the RPS program, will not cause confusion, will increase competition, and will include areas with some of the best renewable potential.

15. CCAs and ESPs will have a competitive advantage over IOUs if CCAs and ESPs are given the right of first refusal for electricity from an RPS project in the service area of the CCA or ESP.

16. A proportional allocation of the 1,000 MW cap to the largest of the four SMJUs would be about 4 MW, and to all four of the SMJUs would be about 6 MW.

17. Relative to a 20 MW per project (transaction) criterion, allocating 4 MW or less to each of the four SMJUs makes little practical sense while increasing administrative burden.

18. A requirement that a project meet limited minimum project viability criteria to submit a bid provides an initial screen of more viable from less viable projects; simplifies bid review and selection; provides a modest incentive for bidders to submit realistic, competitive bids; complements the provision of limited time to commercial operation; assists with reasonable queue management; and should reduce the number of extension requests.

19. Ranking an auction result only by price without any product differentiation will skew selection to the lowest cost projects without acceptable product diversity.

20. There are too many technologies to reasonably differentiate products by technology in the RAM.

21. Project selection limited to the price variable is consistent with the RAM being relatively simple and transparent.

22. An SPT helps protect ratepayers from potentially imprudent IOU procurement by focusing Commission and public attention on certain contracts.

23. An all-in energy rate paid by TOD is reasonably simple, pays for performance, provides a reasonable incentive for sellers to provide electricity by TOD, and moderates ratepayer risk (since payment is made only for delivered electricity).

24. Multiple RAM auctions will not be unreasonably burdensome or costly if IOUs design a RAM tariff, standard contract and bid protocol that meet the goals of being simple, easy to implement, and streamlined.

25. Having both the full buy/sell and excess sales options available at the choice of the seller has been, and continues to be, workable, with no evidence showing the contrary.

26. The possible benefits of a seller concentration test do not outweigh the potential complexities and disputes that could accompany its implementation.

27. Data on the feasibility of interconnection must be sufficiently detailed and current to be useful to potential project developers.

28. An 18-month limit for a project to begin commercial operation (with limited potential extensions in six-month increments) reasonably streamlines RAM administration, and makes scarce T&D resources available when otherwise tied up in delayed projects, while accommodating legitimate delays.

29. A development deposit is a form of collateral that helps compensate the IOU and ratepayers for damages from a project that fails to reach commercial operation.

30. A development deposit of $20/kW is less than 1% of the estimated installed cost for the least expensive renewable project.

31. A performance deposit is a form of collateral that helps compensate the IOU and ratepayers for damages from project performance failure.

32. A performance deposit is a cost of doing business, and a rational RAM bidder will include this cost with all other project costs in bid development.

33. A specific minimum output requirement subject to a penalty provision for an as-available product is inconsistent with the variable production nature of an as-available (non-firm) resource, adds unnecessary complexity to contract administration relative to the existing FIT, and is not necessary to motivate minimum production given that pay-for-performance is a powerful incentive for reasonable project performance.

34. A specific minimum output requirement subject to a penalty provision for a firm product is consistent with the additional commitment expected of a firm resource.

35. The risk and cost to ratepayers of capping damages at 5 cents/kWh compared to the benefit from an increased ability to finance contacts, if any, is unknown, while a minimum penalty of 2 cents/kWh penalizes projects if actual damages are less.

36. Insurance limits and terms should be the same among the three IOUs to promote simplicity, uniformity, and ease of administration.

37. The existing insurance requirements used by SCE and SDG&E are reasonable.

38. A requirement that the IOU be the project's scheduling coordinator (unless this service is specifically declined by the project, or the IOU is unable to perform this service) simplifies RAM administration.

39. Provisions in the existing FIT of SCE and SDG&E regarding an IOU's termination right and Commission jurisdiction (§§ 4.2, 14.2 and 14.4) reasonably limit an IOU's ability to terminate or change the contract, and provide both buyer and seller protection against the most significant of possible adverse events.

40. A Tier 1 advice letter gives notice to the Commission and the public regarding a RAM contract without causing implementation delay.

41. A fundamental assumption underlying the adopted RAM is that competition is, and will remain, vigorous in this market, with that competition resulting in just and reasonable rates and optimal resource outcomes.

42. Information is vital to an effectively functioning competitive market.

43. IOUs recover RPS program costs from bundled customers, while certain non-bypassable costs are also recovered from customers that depart from the utility bundle after new resources are procured.

44. The seller knows the rated generating capacity of its plant, and the contract can require this information.

45. The use of project rated generating capacity (compared to rated capacity minus a measurement or an estimate of customer load) is direct, simple, and less likely to result in uncertainty or disputes about project amounts or when maximum program capacity has been reached.

46. Not requiring the seller to be a retail customer, and not requiring the project be located on property owned or under the control of the retail customer, provides a reasonable opportunity to increase the number of potential sellers, the amount of competition, and the amount of renewable generation.

Conclusions of Law

1. The RAM should apply to projects up to 20 MW.

2. The 20 MW project limit, consistent with existing FIT provisions, should apply to the amount of the transaction (i.e., the amount the IOU is buying), not the actual size of the seller's project.

3. Risk allocation and treatment should be addressed by contract terms and conditions rather than being a primary consideration in setting the RAM project (transaction) size.

4. A market-based pricing approach should be adopted for the RAM.

5. The RPS and QF programs are authorized pursuant to different laws, and the RPS statute provides that the RPS program does not constitute implementation of the QF program.

6. RAM avoids or eliminates a jurisdictional conflict with FERC's wholesale rate-setting authority.

7. The following RAM program design elements should be adopted: a total program capacity cap of 1,000 MW, subject to adjustment in any appropriate proceeding; an initial capacity allocation to the three IOUs using the same proportions as in the existing FIT program; 25% of the 1,000 MW total allocation offered in the initial auction; RAM is a must-take tariff for winning bids below the SPT; and only must-take contracts apply to program capacity caps.

8. If an auction is less than fully subscribed, or if subscribed capacity drops out of the program, the unsubscribed or dropped capacity should be added to the next available auction.

9. RAM should be limited to the three largest IOUs, deliveries should be consistent with RPS eligibility requirements as determined by CEC, and the seller should not be required to be a retail customer.

10. Eliminating negotiation over price, terms and conditions as part of the RAM reasonably streamlines and simplifies this procurement option, and does not eliminate negotiation as part of other RPS procurement opportunities.

11. A bidder should be required to show as part of its bid that the project meets minimum project viability criteria, with failure to meet these criteria justification for an IOU to reject the bid.

12. RAM products should be firm, non-firm peaking, and non-firm non-peaking electricity.

13. RAM project selection should be by price (least expensive selected first), with bid price expressed in cents/kWh.

14. Bid prices selected by an IOU for simplified Commission contract review should be subject to an SPT equal to 150% of MPR, updated before each auction using the most currently adopted or authorized MPRs and TOD factors.

15. Rates for RAM should be all-in energy rates by TOD.

16. Bidders should be permitted to use escalation factors in RAM bid prices.

17. Each of the three largest IOUs should conduct two RAM auctions per year beginning no later than 90 days after the last RAM tariff filed by advice letter pursuant to this order is effective; the three IOU should hold RAM auctions simultaneously; and subsequent simultaneous auctions should be held no later than every 180 days thereafter.

18. Sellers selected via RAM should continue to have the choice of full buy/sell or excess sales.

19. A seller concentration test should not be adopted.

20. IOUs should provide reasonable information on interconnection availability at the substation or circuit level no later than 45 days before the first RAM auction (or show why it cannot be provided but revealing the best information by preferred areas), and updated no later than 90 days before each subsequent RAM auction.

21. All contracts selected via RAM should be eligible to be considered for flexible compliance.

22. The 1,000 MW RAM program cap should not be inclusive of capacity subscribed pursuant to other programs.

23. RAM should not require an eligible project to be a QF.

24. RECs should be transferred to the IOU for the energy that is purchased by the IOU.

25. RAM projects should be given 18 months from contract execution to begin commercial operation or lose RAM eligibility, subject to possible extensions in six-month increments at the discretion of the IOU.

26. An RAM development deposit of $20/kW should be adopted, either refundable upon achieving COD or applied to the subsequent performance deposit; it should be due on the date of contract execution in the form of cash or a letter of credit from a reputable U.S. bank; and it should be forfeited if the project fails to come on line within 18 months (or other deadline if an extension has been granted by the IOU).

27. For projects less than 5 MW, a RAM performance deposit should be adopted equal to the development deposit; for projects 5 MW and larger, a performance deposit should be adopted of 5% of expected total project revenues.

28. RAM product performance should be consistent with good utility (or prudent electrical) practices; damages should be limited to the actual, direct losses (without a maximum or minimum amount); and neither party should be liable for consequential, incidental, punitive, exemplary or indirect damages, lost profits or other business interruption damages regardless of cause.

29. RAM firm product performance should, in addition, require deliveries of 140% of expected annual net energy production based on two years of rolling production.

30. RAM standard contracts for the three IOUs should define and apply force majeure provisions the same as, or modeled after, those used by PG&E in PG&E's existing FIT.

31. The RAM should require that the IOU be the seller's scheduling coordinator (unless that service is affirmatively declined by the seller, or the IOU is unable to perform the service); and the IOU, as scheduling coordinator, should bear the risk of scheduling deviations if the generator provides the IOU with timely availability information.

32. The RAM standard contract should include the terms used by SCE and SDG&E in their FIT (existing) standard contracts regarding termination, changes and ongoing Commission authority (§§ 4.2, 14.2 and 14.4).

33. Each IOU should bundle and file all RAM contracts with prices below the SPT in one Tier 1 advice letter within 30 days of the date of each auction, file a RAM annual report with ED beginning within 180 days of the date this order is issued, and post the annual report on its web page.

34. The IOU annual report should include information on, and evaluation of, competitiveness, auction design, time necessary to complete projects, auction timing, project status, and any other information reasonably necessary to present a complete report and allow monitoring of important program elements.

35. The first annual report should contain information, data and proposals on what defines a competitive market, how to measure competition generally, and how to measure it in the RAM market specifically.

36. IOUs and ED should make the maximum possible amount of RAM information public to, among other things, gain public acceptance of RAM.

37. RAM program costs should be charged to bundled customers and departing customers in the same manner as now charged.

38. The RAM rate is not governed by the IOU above market funds (AMF) cost cap.

39. For application toward RAM total program capacity caps, electricity sold to the IOU under either full buy/sell or excess sales should be measured by using the selling project's entire rated generating capacity (also referred to as installed or nameplate generating capacity).

40. A seller eligible for RAM should not be required to be a retail customer of the IOU, and an eligible project should not be required to be located on property owned or under the control of a retail customer.

41. IOUs should work diligently with other IOUs, ED and parties to develop, to the fullest extent feasible, one common RAM tariff, standard contract, and bid protocol.

42. Each IOU should, within 21 days of the date of this order, file a Tier 2 advice letter in compliance with the orders herein, parties should file protests within 20 days thereafter, and the advice letters should become effective 30 days after filing unless suspended by the Energy Division Director.

43. The first RAM auction should be held within 90 days of the date the last of the three RAM tariffs becomes effective; should be held simultaneously by all three IOUs; and subsequent RAM auctions should be held no later than every 180 days thereafter.

44. This order should be effective today to permit timely filing of the authorized RAM tariffs, and timely conduct of the first RAM auction, thereby providing additional tools for IOUs to reach RPS targets and goals, and helping IOUs avoid the potential of penalties for failure to reach required RPS targets.

ORDER

IT IS ORDERED that:

1. Within 21 days of the date this order is mailed, each electrical corporation named herein shall file and serve a Tier 2 advice letter containing a tariff (with standard contract, bid protocol and any other necessary documents) to implement the renewable auction mechanism adopted in this order.

a. The electrical corporations are: Southern California Edison Company, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, and San Diego Gas & Electric Company.

b. The advice letter shall be in compliance with General Order 96-B.

c. The tariff shall be consistent with the directions stated in this decision, and summarized in Appendix A. These directions include, but are not limited to: per project (transaction) is 20 megawatts and less; rate determination is by use of the renewable auction mechanism; program cap of 1,000 megawatts, allocated to the three electrical corporations; no more, and no less, than 25% of the allocation offered in the initial auction; unsubscribed capacity (or subscribed capacity that drops out) is added to the next available auction; tariff is a must-take obligation by the electrical corporation with respect to winning bidders for all projects in a product category below the simplified preapproval threshold up to the maximum allocated capacity; bids are not negotiable with respect to bid price, terms or conditions; bidders must show within the bid that the project complies with adopted project viability criteria; electricity products eligible for purchase via this tariff are firm, non-firm peaking and non-firm non-peaking; selection of winning bids is by price (least expensive selected first); prices are subject to a simplified preapproval threshold of market price referent times 1.5 for purposes of simplified Tier 1 advice letter review; contracts with prices at or above the simplified preapproval threshold are subject to other Commission process, such as Tier 3 advice letter review or application; rates are paid on the basis of all-in energy rates by time of delivery; capacity applicable to the total statewide maximum capacity in turn allocated to each utility shall, for transactions pursuant to either the full buy/sell or excess sales options, use the project's entire rated generating capacity (also called the installed or nameplate capacity); a seller eligible to subscribe under this tariff need not be a retail customer of the electrical corporation, and the project need not be located on property owned or under the control of the retail customer; and a seller eligible to subscribe under this tariff need not be a qualifying facility under federal law.

d. Parties may file and serve protests within 20 days of the date of the advice letter, consistent with the provisions of General Order 96-B.

e. Unless suspended by the Energy Division Director, each advice letter shall become effective 30 days from the date the advice letter is filed.

f. The first auction shall be held simultaneously by the three electrical corporations no later than 90 days after the last of the three tariffs is approved. Subsequent auctions shall be held simultaneously by the three electrical corporations no later than every 180 days thereafter. The Executive Director may adjust these dates for good cause without further action by the Commission. Parties shall seek adjustment to these dates using procedures authorized by the Commission's Rules of Practice and Procedure.

g. The electrical corporations shall work diligently with each other, Energy Division and parties to develop a uniform tariff, including standard contract and bid protocol. If unable to complete this task by the time of the first auction, electrical corporations shall accomplish this goal within nine months of the date this order is mailed.

2. Within 30 days after a renewable auction mechanism auction, each electrical corporation named herein shall file and serve one Tier 1 advice letter with the Commission. The advice letter shall include all contracts resulting from the auction subject to the must-take provision. Any other contract entered into by the electrical corporation at its discretion as a result of the renewable auction mechanism (such as those beyond the capacity cap or simplified preapproval threshold) may be submitted for Commission consideration by using other procedures (such as a Tier 3 advice letter or application). The electrical corporations are: Southern California Edison Company, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, and San Diego Gas & Electric Company.

3. Each electrical corporation named herein shall file data, information and evaluation in a report on relevant aspects of the renewable auction mechanism adopted in this order, and summarized in Appendix A.

a. The electrical corporations are: Southern California Edison Company, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, and San Diego Gas & Electric Company.

b. The first report shall be filed no later than 180 days from the date this order is issued, and annually thereafter. The report shall be published on the electrical corporation's website.

c. The electrical corporations shall adopt a uniform form and format in consultation with Energy Division.

d. Each report shall include information to monitor program design and elements. It shall include information, data and evaluation with respect to: competition, competitiveness, auction design, time necessary to complete projects, auction timing, and project status. It shall include any other relevant information, data and analysis to provide a complete report to the Commission.

e. The first report shall include information and recommendations on a definition of competition generally, a definition of competition in this market specifically, and measures of competition.

f. As data becomes available, reports shall contain information described in this order including but not limited to: measures of market competition, measures of market power, seller concentration, data on each auction (based on all bidders), data on each auction (based on projects selected), and any other data necessary to present a complete report.

This order is effective today.

Dated ____________________________, at San Francisco, California.

APPENDIX A

SUMMARY OF ADOPTED PROGRAMS

The attached decision orders a new tariff for a procurement protocol called the Renewable Auction Mechanism, or RAM. The orders, while not limited to those stated in this abstract, are summarized below. The items are generally summarized in the same sequence discussed in the attached decision.

RENEWABLE AUCTION MECHANISM

1. Project (Transaction) Limit: 20 megawatts (MW)

2. Price Determination: Renewable Auction Mechanism (RAM)

3. Program Design:

UTILITY

TOTAL PROGRAM

(MW)

PER AUCTION

(MW)

  
 

SCE

498.4

124.6

PG&E

420.9

105.2

SDG&E

80.7

20.2

TOTAL

1,000.0

250.0

4. Products and Price Design

5. Market Elements

6. Contract Terms and Conditions

7. Regulation and Commission Oversight

8. Counting Excess Sales: Capacity applied to the program cap is the entire project rated (installed, nameplate) generating capacity (no different that used in the case of full buy/sell)

9. Third Party Ownership: Seller need not be a retail customer and the facility need not be located on property owned or under the control of the retail customer

(END OF APPENDIX A)

APPENDIX B

ACRONYMS

ACRONYMS FOR PARTY NAMES

ACRONYM

PARTY NAME

AG

California Attorney General

AReM

Alliance for Retail Energy Markets

Axio

Axio Power, Inc.

CAC

Cogeneration Association of California

CAISO

California Independent System Operator

CALSEIA

California Solar Energy Industries Association

CARE

CAlifornians for Renewable Energy, Inc.

CEERT

Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Technologies

CESA

California Energy Storage Alliance

DRA

Division of Ratepayer Advocates

Environmental Council

Community Environmental Council

EPUC

Energy Producers and Users Coalition

Farm Bureau

California Farm Bureau Federation

FCE

FuelCell Energy, Inc.

FITC

FIT Coalition

FMG

Fortistar Methane Group

FS

First Solar, Inc.

GPI

Green Power Institute

GreenVolts

GreenVolts, Inc.

IEP

Independent Energy Producers Association

LACCD

Los Angeles Community College District

PacifiCorp

PacifiCorp

PG&E

Pacific Gas and Electric Company

Recurrent

Recurrent Energy, Inc.

Reid

L. Jan Reid

RR

Redwood Renewables

SA

Solar Alliance

Santa Monica

City of Santa Monica

SCE

Southern California Edison Company

SDG&E

San Diego Gas & Electric Company

Sempra

Sempra Generation

Sempra Energy Solutions LLC

Sempra Energy Solutions LLC

SFUI

Solutions for Utilities, Inc.

Sierra

Sierra Pacific Power Company

Sierra Club

Sierra Club California

Sustainable Conservation

Sustainable Conservation

TURN

The Utility Reform Network

VSI

Vote Solar Initiative

OTHER ACRONYMS

ACRONYM

ITEM OR NAME

AB

Assembly Bill

ALJ

Administrative Law Judge

AMF

Above market funds

CAISO

California Independent System Operator

CCA

Community choice aggregator

CEC

California Energy Commission

CHP

Combined Heat and Power

COD

Commercial Operation Date

Commission

California Public Utilities Commission

CSI

California Solar Initiative

D.

Decision

ED

Energy Division

ERAM

Electric Revenue Adjustment Mechanism

ESP

Energy service provider

FERC

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission

FIT

Feed-in Tariff

FPA

Federal Power Act

GHG

Greenhouse gas

GW

Gigawatt

IOU

Investor-owned utility

IPP

Independent power producer

ISO 4

Interim Standard Offer No. 4

kV

Kilovolt

LCBF

Least Cost-Best Fit

LCOE

Levelized cost of electricity

LSE

Load Serving Entity

LTTP

Long term procurement plan

MPR

Market price referent

MW

Megawatt

MWh

Megawatt-hour

PIER

Public Interest Energy Research

PIRP

Participating Intermittent Resource Program

PPA

Power Purchase Agreement

PRG

Procurement Review Group

PURPA

Public Utilities Regulatory Policies Act

PV

Photovoltaic

QF

Qualifying Facility

RAM

Renewable Auction Mechanism

RD&D

Research, demonstration and development

REC

Renewable energy credit

RPS

Renewables Portfolio Standard

RSC

Renewables Standard Contract

SB

Senate Bill

SGIP

Self Generation Incentive Program

SMJU

Small and multi-jurisdictional utilities

SPP

Small power producer

T&C

Terms and Conditions

T&D

Transmission and distribution

TOU

Time of use

TOD

Time of delivery

UL

Underwriter's Laboratories

(END OF APPENDIX B)

APPENDIX C

DURATION OF PRICES AND TOD PERIODS

The Administrative Law Judge identified five rate design examples, and parties were asked to comment. (Ruling dated August 27, 2009, Appendix B.) We look at one example here. This example reveals tensions between short-term and long-term goals and responsibilities between various stakeholders. We encourage respondents and parties to continue to consider the problems identified by this example, and propose creative solutions.

In particular, respondents and parties were asked to comment on the following pricing example:1

· A price structure exclusively using energy payments; an initial price of $0.25/kWh paid by TOD factors set in the standard contract; the $0.25/kWh is paid in two parts over the life of the contract;

· The first part is payment of $0.20/kWh over the contract term;

· The second part is payment of $0.05/kWh; the $0.05/kWh is subject to adjustment at years 5, 10 and 15 to reflect the current market (e.g., formula in the contract based on an index to model seller's variable costs); and

· The TOD factors are updated once at year 10 to align with the current TOD profile of the buyer.

SCE identifies a particular problem with this example:2

"This example provides a fixed energy price component similar to the forecast energy price option provided to renewable Qualifying Facilities ("QF") under the Interim Standard Offer No. 4 ("ISO 4") contracts approved by the Commission in the early 1980s. As such, it embodies significant risks of overpayment for ratepayers (and a windfall for project owners) similar to those experienced during the life of the ISO 4 contracts.

The forecast energy payments under the ISO 4 agreement (which could be paid on either a levelized cents/kWh price or an escalating series of prices at the producer's election) was based on a forecast of utility avoided cost of energy that turned out to be much higher than actual market energy prices for most of the term of these contracts (which extended up to 30 years). As a result, ratepayers were saddled with overpayments for energy from these projects for many years. In light of this experience, the Commission should approach fixed payment schemes as proposed in this example with extreme caution.

More specifically, the proposal here to offer a fixed component for 80% of the energy price (i.e., 20 cents/kWh) for the entire 20 year term of the contract imposes the same price risk on ratepayers for an even longer period than the ISO 4 contract did. [Footnote 20.] In addition to the extreme ratepayer risk associated with the fixed prices being above market, in the event that pricing under this example falls below market prices, project owners might be tempted to cease operating under the FIT and seek other opportunities to sell their power. Unless mitigated by appropriate security requirements or contract sanctions, this scenario would force SCE's customers to

bear the risk of having to pay for replacement power from other sources to make up the shortfall left by defaulting FIT producers. SCE strongly recommends against this scenario."

__________

Footnote 20: Under the ISO 4 contract, the project owner was paid for energy under the forecast for a "First Period" that was limited to 10 years for contracts with a term of 20, 25 or 30 years. For contracts with a 5-year term length, the forecast was only available for the first 5 years. After the First Period, energy payments were based on avoided cost.

The risk identified by SCE is present in the current RPS program. For example, prices in the current RPS program typically are fixed for the duration of the contract, which is often 20 years. A 20-year fixed price essentially doubles the 10-year risk exposure experienced for the majority of the price under ISO 4. Further, 100% of the RPS price is fixed for the contract duration, whereas only a portion (about 20%) of the ISO 4 price was fixed for the contract duration, with the remainder (about 80%) fixed for 10 years or less, then subject to "true-up" to the market.

The fixed price risk in either the ISO 4 price or RPS price can result in either a "good" or "bad" outcome. Ratepayers will be apparent "winners," for example, if the prices set by contract for 10 years (ISO 4) or 20 years (RPS Program) turn out to be less than the market prices over the 10 to 20-year duration of the contract.3 As SCE identifies, however, ratepayers will be apparent "losers" if the contract prices set for 10 to 20 years turn out to be more than the market prices over the same period.

In actuality, the comparison of contract price with market price is a comparison of dissimilar products.4 Nonetheless, it demonstrates the tension that can arise when a long-term price set by contract differs from the current market price.

A similar tension can arise relative to TOD periods. Current TOD factors place most costs in the summer on-peak period (e.g., SCE's summer on-peak factor is 3.13; PG&E's is 2.20). California has a target of reaching 20% renewables by 2010, and seeks 33% of its generation from RPS resources by 2020. If successful in reaching the 33% goal, but if done with fixed TOD periods in 20 to 25-year contracts, California will achieve 33% of California's resources delivering electricity during a fixed summer on-peak period based on TOD factors in the contract set when the contract was signed. Demand, and the demand profile by TOD, however, may change over 20 to 25 years due to many factors.5 While stability and predictability for both buyer and seller are advanced by fixed prices and TOD periods, they can also be undermined by pre-determined, inflexible prices and TOD periods that bear little relationship to changing market conditions.6 Changing prices and TOD periods (e.g., which results in RPS electricity being delivered in an on-peak period that is no longer on-peak) may require IOUs or developers to build additional resources to meet the changing economics and demand. Alternatively, IOUs might want or need to modify contracts with RPS resources to better match supply with demand. Contract modifications may be costly. Thus, inflexibility can lead to higher costs.7

Parties do not present a solution and we do not craft one here. Nonetheless, we must avoid creating an inflexible system where, if successful in reaching a 20% or 33% RPS resource base, we have fixed the economic prices and signals with contract requirements for RPS projects to sell electricity that is too expensive in the wrong TOD periods. We encourage IOUs and parties to continue to assess these concerns, and present reasonable solutions if and when appropriate, including the use of capacity rates parallel to those used in the annual RPS bid solicitation, or other devices or tools which will reasonably balance these tensions.

(END OF APPENDIX C)

1 Pub. Util. Code § 399.20, added by Assembly Bill (AB) 1969 (Stats. 2006, ch. 731) effective January 1, 2007. Unless noted otherwise, all subsequent statutory references are to the Public Utilities Code.

2 See Appendix B for a complete list of acronyms.

3 Comments were filed by PG&E; SCE; SDG&E; PacifiCorp; Sierra Pacific Power Company (Sierra); Division of Ratepayer Advocates (DRA); Green Power Institute (GPI); Independent Energy Producers Association (IEP); Alliance for Retail Energy Markets (AReM); California Farm Bureau Federation (Farm Bureau); Sustainable Conservation; The Vote Solar Initiative (VSI); Recurrent Energy, Inc. (Recurrent); Solar Alliance (SA); The California Solar Energy Industries Association (CALSEIA); and GreenVolts. Comments of Sempra Energy Solutions LLC were served but not filed. These comments are referred to herein as Initial FIT comments.

4 Reply Comments were filed by PG&E, SCE, Sierra, GPI, AReM, VSI, Recurrent, SA, CALSEIA, GreenVolts, The Utility Reform Network (TURN), Farm Bureau and Sustainable Conservation. These comments are referred to herein as Initial FIT reply comments.

5 In July 2007, we found that our adopted tariff with standard contract is a form of FIT. (See D.07-07-027, Finding of Fact 27 at 57, and footnote 40 at 44.) We refer herein to the current program up to 1.5 MW as FIT (existing).

6 Comments were filed by PG&E; SCE; SDG&E; DRA; TURN; Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Technologies (CEERT); GPI; Solutions for Utilities, Inc. (SFUI); Sustainable Conservation; Sierra Club California (Sierra Club); Community Environmental Council (Environmental Council); IEP; FuelCell Energy, Inc. (FCE); Redwood Renewables (RR); Los Angeles Community College District (LACCD); City of Santa Monica (Santa Monica); CALSEIA; SA and VSI (jointly); First Solar, Inc. (FS); and AReM. These comments are referred to herein as the T&C Comments

7 Reply Comments were filed by PG&E, SCE, DRA, GPI, CARE, Environmental Council, RR, CALSEIA, SA and VSI (jointly). These reply comments are referred to herein as the T&C Reply Comments.

8 Opening Briefs were filed by PG&E, SCE, SDG&E, DRA, California Attorney General (AG), GPI and Sustainable Conservation (jointly), Santa Monica, FCE and CALSEIA (jointly), Cogeneration Association of California (CAC), Energy Producers and Users Coalition (EPUC, joining in the brief of CAC), SA and VSI (jointly).

9 Reply Briefs were filed by PG&E; SCE; DRA; CAlifornians for Renewable Energy, Inc. (CARE); IEP; CEERT; VSI; SFUI; and FCE and CALSEIA (jointly).

10 Comments were filed by PG&E; SCE; SDG&E; DRA; TURN; CARE; GPI; SFUI; CEERT; Santa Monica; FIT Coalition (FITC); L. Jan Reid (Reid); CALSEIA; VSI; SA; FS; IEP; Axio Power, Inc. (Axio); Recurrent; GreenVolts; FCE; California Energy Storage Alliance (CESA); and Sempra Generation (Sempra). Separate joint comments were filed by PG&E, SCE, SDG&E, SA, GreenVolts, Sierra Club and Reid. These comments are referred to herein as Pricing Comments.

11 Reply Comments were filed by PG&E, SCE, DRA, TURN, GPI, SFUI, Reid, Sustainable Conservation, Sierra Club, Santa Monica, AReM, CALSEIA, VSI, SA, Recurrent, FCE, CESA, and Fortistar Methane Group (FMG). These reply comments are referred to herein as Pricing Reply Comments.

12 For example, the loading order in Energy Action Plan II, resource adequacy goals, greenhouse gas (GHG) goals, reduction of reliance on foreign fuels, sustainable economic development, public health and safety.

13 See D.09-06-049.

14 See D.10-04-052.

15 We have said this repeatedly, and most recently, for example, in D.09-06-018 at 52-53.

16 The proposed efficiencies and improvements may include combining programs, where reasonable, to ensure that we have no more programs than are manageable while meeting legitimately different stakeholder needs and legislative requirements.

17 If based on a competitive market price, CARE supports greater than 3 MW to less than 20 MW. (Pricing Comments at 4.)

18 T&C Comments at 3.

19 Pricing Comments at 1, assuming SB 32 implementation of a fixed price FIT up to three MW.

20 FIT (existing) is a must-take tariff. Must-take here means the IOU must enter into the standard contract and purchase electricity a project sells pursuant to the terms and conditions of the tariff and standard contract. The terms and conditions may include maximum limits on IOU contracts (e.g., a MW cap, such as the initial FIT (existing) 250 MW total program cap pursuant to AB 1969). Terms and conditions may also include provisions under which an IOU may decline to take the electricity under a signed contract (e.g., system emergencies or other curtailments).

21 T&C Comments at 5.

22 T&C Comments at 4.

23 T&C Comments at 3.

24 See California Energy Commission 2006, 2006 Integrated Energy Policy Report Update, CEC-100-2006-001-CMF, January 2007 at E-6; California Energy Commission 2007, 2007 Integrated Energy Policy Report, CEC-100-2007-008-CMF, January 2008 at 6; California Energy Commission 2008, 2008 Integrated Energy Policy Report Update, CEC-100-2008-008-CMF, November 2008 at 29; California Energy Commission 2009, 2009 Integrated Energy Policy Report, Final Commission Report, December 2009, CEC-100-2009-003-CMF at 230.

25 California Energy Commission 2008, 2008 Integrated Energy Policy Report Update, CEC-100-2008-008-CMF, November 2008 at 27.

26 See D.09-12-042.

27 SCE recently said of its RSC program for projects up to 20 MW: "Through this program, SCE has sought to remove some of the barriers that smaller projects may have had when participating in SCE's annual solicitations. Such barriers have been especially evident for projects with smaller generating capacities. By offering standardized contracts for smaller projects, SCE hopes to increase opportunities for such projects to execute contracts with SCE and contribute to the State's RPS goals." (Advice Letter 2356-E (July 1, 2009) at 3.)

28 SCE's RSC program initially set the price at MPR. SCE reports that late in 2009 it received a large number of applications for its RSC program, representing nearly double the program goal of 250 MW. SCE says it completed negotiations and executed contracts with 13 projects by early January 2010. On March 29, 2010, SCE filed Advice Letter 2457-E seeking approval of the 13 contracts. SCE also reports that it suspended the RSC program after executing the contracts in January 2010, and conducted an analysis of options to restart the program in 2010. SCE states that, based on its analysis and after consultation with its Procurement Review Group (PRG), it has initiated a revised RSC program with a new goal of 250 MW. SCE says the 2010 program will not offer a price at MPR, but will award contracts based on Requests for Offers conducted twice per year. (June 17, 2010, SCE Second Amended 2010 RPS Procurement Plan, Attachment 1 at 28-30.) SCE officially launched its 2010 RSC Request for Offers on August 2, 2010. It is open to all RPS technologies of 20 MW or less.

29 DRA T&C Reply Comments at 7.

30 18 CFR 292.309(d)(1) establishes a rebuttable presumption that a QF with capacity at or below 20 MW does not have nondiscriminatory access to the wholesale electricity market. Also see 18 CFR 292.601 regarding certain exemptions from federal and state law for QFs at or below 20 MW.

31 For example, see SCE 2009 RPS Procurement Plan Request for Proposals at Section 7.04.

32 FERC applies a 30 MW threshold for some purposes. (See 18 CFR §§ 292.601(b) and 292.602(a).) We decline to use 30 MW here, but will consider amounts greater than 20 MW in relationship to CEC's recommendation for continued evaluation of expanding the FIT to projects larger than 20 MW.

33 The California QF program began in 1979. It included, among other things, an IOU must-take requirement when the seller elected to enter into the standard contract; standard contracts without the need for further negotiation; fixed prices, or some portion of the prices subject to known changes (e.g., heat rates times current oil/gas prices updated monthly for the energy price component).

34 T&C Comments at 5-6.

35 Joint T&C Reply Comments at 3.

36 T&C Comments at 5. SCE says a 12 kV circuit is a common distribution voltage for SCE, and identifies a 66 kV circuit as "subtransmission." (T&C Comments at 8.)

37 See, for example, Environmental Council T&C Reply Comments at 6-9; SA Pricing Reply Comments at 7.

38 FITC states that the amount of generation capacity that could be connected at the distribution level is over 27 gigawatts (GW) in 2008, and is estimated to be over 40 GW by 2020. (Pricing Comments at 12-13, citing "Distributed Renewable Energy Assessment Final Report, Navigant Consulting, August 11, 2009, CEC at 30.) SA says there is 27.5 GW of potential distributed PV generation next to existing electrical substations. (Pricing Comments at 24, citing Renewable Energy Transmission Initiative, Phase 1B (January 2009) at 6-25.) For comparison, CEC reports that the installed capacity of in-state power plants (greater than 0.1 MW) is 67.5 GW. (See CEC Energy Almanac on CEC web page: http://www.energy.ca.gov/.)

39 For example, we adopt a total capacity (MW) limit so that we do not repeat the overly successful QF program experience from the 1980s, wherein MW subscriptions exceeded expectations before we were able to suspend the standard offer. In adopting that suspension, we acknowledged that "rapid changes in the QF market have outstripped the pace of our regulatory process." (D.85-04-075, 17 CPUC2d 521, 535.) We learn from that experience, and take a pragmatic approach here.

40 T&C Reply Comments at 4.

41 Systematic (un-diversifiable) risk is the risk of (or to) an entire market. It includes exposure to wide-spread project failure due to economy-wide variables (e.g., recession; inflation; financial market dysfunction; changes to input prices affecting all firms, such as labor, fuel, cost of capital). It also includes exposure to wide-spread project failure of all projects using one type of technology (e.g., suspension of operation or new development of one technology type for a reason that applies to all projects using that technology).

42 For example, project-specific risk is the failure of a particular project to reach commercial operation, or perform reasonably over time, due to problems that are individual or unique to that project.

43 A project using an excess sales arrangement pursuant to the existing FIT may be greater than 1.5 MW, but the sale (transaction) is limited to 1.5 MW.

44 See D.07-07-027 at 36-37.

45 A market is any structure that allows sellers and buyers to exchange goods or services. A market may be competitive, non-competitive, or partially competitive. Market-based is used here to distinguish this rate-setting approach from one where the rate is set by the Commission. Market-based used in this decision means the rate is determined by the seller and buyer, not the Commission. (The rate for a particular contract is determined by the seller via seller-submitted non-negotiable bids; it is determined by the buyer via the buyer's selection of projects by price in least-costly order; the two elements interact to determine the unique price for each selected project.) In both cases (market-based and Commission-set), the rate is determined before the product exchange occurs between seller and buyer.

46 SFUI recommends the price be set at the seller's cost including a 15% profit, be technologically indifferent, and be available up to three MW, with the generator maintaining ownership of the REC. (Pricing Comments at 8.) Santa Monica recommends a 5% after tax return for certain small projects. (Pricing Comments at 3.)

47 IEP recommends that the initial FIT rate for the first tranche (group) of projects be increased or decreased for the next tranche based on whether a target quantity of renewables is reached in the first tranche. IEP contends this approach retains the simplicity of a true FIT but provides price adjustments prospectively based on market feedback. (Pricing Comments at 2.) CALSEIA recommends that a ratesetting Committee (consisting of major stakeholders convened by the Commission) adjust the initial FIT rate on a regular schedule to achieve the necessary trajectory to reach a stated goal, such as 33% by 2020. This approach will achieve the ultimate goal at least cost, according to CALSEIA. (Pricing Comments at 6.)

48 FSI says the reference rate in year x may be set based on one of several metrics from other competition-based programs (e.g., competitive bidding in PG&E and SCE solar PV programs). Metrics include using the weighted average of winning bids, the median winning bid, the highest bid, or the lowest bid. This rate becomes the fixed rate in year x+1. The rate is updated each year (e.g., the rate in year x+2 is based on updated data using the same approach applied to determine the rate in year x+1.) This approach moderates the uncertainty of an unknown price (by setting a fixed price) and increases transparency while meeting the Commission's need to use a market mechanism, according to FSI. At the same time, FSI says the approach avoids concerns raised by a blind bid. (Pricing Comments at 5-6.)

49 These parties include FITC, Santa Monica, SFUI, CALSEIA, GPI, IEP, CESA and Sierra Club California. Sierra Club California, for example, says: "There is no need to introduce a complicated mechanism like Reverse Auction Method. RAM introduces complexities that will imperil the workability of the entire FIT enterprise. " In addition to the potential for price collusion, Sierra Club California says "we add to this the risk of a nominally competitive market based system ... namely that combining 1) a government mandated demand under the RPS with 2) a market price bidding system that 3) has constrained supply, can drive up prices." In contrast, Sierra Club California says "having the buyer of renewable energy provide a set standard price-as in a Feed-in Tariff-removes the seller's power over the market and gives the pricing power to the buyer." (Pricing Reply Comments at 5-6.)

50 This is a primary recommendation for some, and an alternate recommendation for others, including DRA, GreenVolts, Axio and CARE.

51 These parties include PG&E, SCE, SDG&E, Recurrent, Reid, TURN, SA and VSI.

52 Some segments may be an oligopsony (few buyers) or an oligopoly (few sellers).

53 One category of QF is that of small power producer (SPP). An SPP must use for its primary energy source biomass, waste, renewable resources, geothermal resources or a combination thereof, with a limit on the total energy input from any other source, and subject, in some cases, to a maximum size of 80 MW. Another type of QF is a hydroelectric SPP located at a new dam or diversion, subject to certain environmental and other limitations. (18 CFR § 292.203.)

54 An RPS-eligible seller of 1 MW or less who is also eligible to be a QF (e.g., SPP powered by renewable resources) is exempt from FERC filing requirements to obtain QF status. (130 FERC 61,214 (March 19, 2010); 18 CFR § 292.203(d)(1).)

55 Our adopted program does not permit price negotiation.

56 Recurrent Pricing Reply Comments at 2. See also PG&E T&C Comments at 14 (a 10 MW wind or biomass plant could easily cost $20 million to $30 million in construction costs; absent economies of scale this is $2 million to $3 million per MW). SFUI T&C Comments at 5 (investment in excess of $7 million per MW; absent economies of scale a 20 MW project at $7 million per MW would cost $140 million). SCE T&C Reply Comments at 5-6 (installed costs of between $2,100/kW (e.g., wind) and $5,000/kW (e.g., solar) would mean installed costs per MW of $2.1 million to $5 million).

57 We have for decades employed regulatory policies and tools that rely on electricity consumers (e.g., ratepayers) making economically rational decisions. For example, we adopt rate levels, rate designs, and other policies based on this expectation (e.g., use of rate design tiers, time-of-use (TOU) rates, smart meters). We do this to give consumers relevant price signals (information) in order to make optimal investment and consumption choices. These rates often vary by only a few cents/kWh (e.g., between tiers), with resulting monthly bill variations (based on changes in consumption) of only a few dollars. Moreover, the rates (and resulting changes in monthly bills) vary over time (e.g., we do not fix ratepayer rates for 20 years; as a result, rates increase and decrease over the economic life of a ratepayer's investment). We rely on the ability of ratepayers to make economically rational decisions even with the uncertainty of future rate changes. It is no less reasonable to expect project developers to be economically rational in the face of even less uncertainty (i.e., since the RAM-determined rate is fixed, including fixed or known escalation factors when specified in the contract, over the life of the sale).

58 Recurrent convincingly says: "The developer resources required to bid for these projects through an auction process are a small percentage of the projects' total expense and certainly should not present an insurmountable obstacle for responsible developers, whether small or large, who are willing to make the investment and take the development risks that these projects entail." (Pricing Reply Comments at 2.)

59 Pricing Comments at 5-6.

60 Pricing Comments at 11.

61 Our experience is that market changes can outpace regulatory process. (D.85-04-075, 17 CPUC2d 521, 535.) At the same time, regulatory process, when appropriate, can be designed to update prices often (e.g., monthly, as with gas procurement charges for core customers, or short run avoided costs for QFs). We do not foreclose the use of responsive regulatory processes, but determine here for initial RAM implementation that sellers have a unique self-interest to accurately and quickly respond to cost changes. This should, if competition is effective, help bring prices down quickly (e.g., to the extent seller's costs for new RPS technologies decline, as we hope). Moreover, if competition is effective, this will happen automatically, without Commission action. Similarly, a competitive market will quickly reflect cost increases suffered by the seller (in prices bid by the seller) without Commission action.

62 The SPT does not foreclose the buyer and seller agreeing to a higher price and submitting the contract for other Commission review (e.g., Tier 3 advice letter or application). The contract review in each case (via Tier 1, Tier 3, application or other Commission procedural device) would result in eliminating the need for after-the-fact reasonableness review (other than contract administration). (§ 454.5(d)(2).)

63 Sellers may be unwilling to come to the Commission and report problems with a buyer if sellers know that the buyer can disadvantage one or more sellers who report problems when there is effectively only one (or a limited number of) buyers. In that case, the Commission may not have specific knowledge of this competitive market failure. To the extent this unequal pressure occurs, however, it reduces the give-and-take the Commission relies upon to produce economically optimal, just and reasonable outcomes that can otherwise result from effective and vigorous competition.

64 As examples, FCE and CalSEIA cite incentive payments pursuant to the SGIP and the CSI Program.

65 "The establishment of a renewables portfolio standard shall not constitute implementation by the commission of the federal Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978 (Public Law 95-617)." (§ 399.15(e).)

66 Pricing Comments at 4.

67 Pricing Comments at 4.

68 Pricing Comments at 6.

69 Reply Brief at 4.

70 Reply Brief at 4.

71 See, for example, SCE Pricing Comments at 12; VSI Pricing Comments at 11; SA Pricing Comments at 26.

72 CALSEIA, Recurrent, SA, TURN, VSI.

73 DRA, FS.

74 Some parties provided example calculations at ED's request. These examples show annual revenue requirement caps that range from $60 million (for 250 MW) to $896 million (for 2,000 MW). Before adopting a revenue requirement cap, we need a detailed calculation that is more fully vetted. We also need an analysis of the gaming opportunities that might lead to excessively high prices, along with proposed mitigation options.

75 SCE's example is: $60 million annual revenue requirement based on 250 MW*25% capacity factor*8760 hours*$110/mWh. (Pricing Comments at 12.) The variables include capacity factor and applicable MPR (e.g., start date and contract duration, which relate to assumptions about projects and contracts).

76 CALSEIA's example is: $165 million to $465 million annual revenue requirement based on project mix, project output and project cost. (Pricing Comments at 7.) SA's example is: $896 million annual revenue requirement based on a mix of renewable projects (75% of which are peaking as-available solar) using staff-based cost estimates. (Pricing Comments at 26.) VSI does not present an example and believes details are best worked out at a workshop, but suggests a revenue requirement based on an ED staff-identified proxy technology for each renewable product category selected by using several criteria (e.g., technology must be (a) commercialized, (b) least-cost in its category and (c) capable of scalability to meet program demands). (Pricing Comments at 11.) These three examples use variables that include project mix, project cost, project output, and project criteria.

77 Pricing Comments at 10.

78 ED proposes that this protection be provided by adoption of other program requirements, such as a minimum seller concentration ratio (e.g., no one seller can contract for more than 50% of the auction cap). We address this below when we discuss Market Elements. We conclude that this approach introduces complexities that are unlikely to provide reasonable offsetting protections. Moreover, no examples are provided that show results over a range of assumed variables (e.g., concentration ratios, sales, revenue requirement cap) to demonstrate the resulting prices are just and reasonable.

79 Pricing Comments at 16.

80 The QF program produced more subscriptions than expected before the Commission was able to suspend certain standard offers. (See, for example, D.85-07-021, 18 CPUC2d 315 and D.86-05-024, 21 CPUC 2d 124 cited in D.07-09-040 in footnote 29 at 15.)

81 Pricing Comments at 9-10.

82 SDG&E has voluntarily committed to 33% by 2020. (D.08-12-058 at 265). In approving the Sunrise Powerlink Transmission Project, we said we do not take this commitment lightly, and fully expect SDG&E to follow though. ((Id.) SDG&E is concerned with the quantity and cost of over-procurement, absent the ability to suspend RAM when its RPS program targets are reached. Given its commitment to 33%, SDG&E's concern is misplaced.

83 For example, the QF market began in the 1980s without a MW cap, and by about 1985 resulted in contracts for more capacity than some believed was needed. The Commission responded to these and other concerns by suspending certain standard offers. Market restructuring began in the late 1990s without effective caps on market results, and by the early 2000s California suffered a loss of several billion dollars.

84 Pricing Comments at 4.

85 August 2009 Proposal at 8.

86 For example, DRA recommends: "In order to cap the costs of the program, smaller initial auctions are recommended." (Pricing Comments at 10.)

87 March 2009 Proposal at 5.

88 August 2009 Proposal at 8.

89 Pricing Reply Comments at 2.

90 FERC "does not regulate the resource portfolios, including procurement choices, of the buyer (D.09-12-042, p. 8 (citation omitted).) The state has jurisdiction over retail sales service, which includes directing the planning and resource decisions of electric utilities under its jurisdiction. (16 U.S.C. § 824, subd. (b).)" (D.10-04-055 at 5.)

91 The CEC certifies whether electricity may be used for compliance with the RPS program. (See: § 25741 of the Public Resources Code; also see "Commission Guidebook: Renewables Portfolio Standard Eligibility" (Third Edition, January 2008, CEC-300-2007-006-ED3-CMF); web link: http://www.energy.ca.gov/2007publications/CEC-300-2007-006/CEC-300-2007-006-ED3-CMF.PDF.)

There is no reason to treat RAM differently.

92 Elimination of competition would make the market a monopsony and preclude the use of RAM. The economically efficient, just, reasonable and not unduly discriminatory result in a monopsony RPS market would be the same as in a monopsony QF market (i.e., set the price at the full avoided cost of the buyer).

93 Pricing Reply Comments at 6.

94 T&C Comments at 12.

95 See, for example, D.05-11-025, D.06-10-019, D.08-05-029.

96 SB 695 (Kehoe), Stats. 2009, ch. 337. Section 365.1(c)(1) directs the Commission to "ensure that other providers are subject to the same requirements that are applicable to the state's three largest electrical corporations..." The provision was triggered upon issuance of D.10-03-022 on March 15, 2010. Pursuant to a Ruling dated March 25, 2010, parties have filed briefs and reply briefs, and a proposed decision is being prepared.

97 1,013 kW divided by 250,000 kW is 0.405%. (See D.07-07-027 at 9.)

98 1,497 kW divided by 250,000 kW is 0.599%. (Id.)

99 Tariff, as used here, includes all applicable and appropriate related implementation documents, such as the accompanying standard contract and bid protocols.

100 One approach is for the tariff and standard contract to be uniform among the three IOUs with appendices to address unique terms, such as TOD periods. (PG&E makes this proposal in its T&C Comments at 8-9.) In this case the form and format of each appendix should be the same, but with different values as necessary (e.g., hours or months for different TOD periods).

101 SA and VSI T&C Reply Comments at 4.

102 August 2009 Proposal at 9.

103 We are persuaded by Recurrent that: "...reasonable project viability requirements are essential to creating sustainable long-term markets for renewable generation, and that responsible developers and IPPs [independent power producers] welcome such requirements. ... To suggest that reasonable viability requirements will preclude small developers from participating is disingenuous: what such requirements preclude is bidding unrealistic projects, without regard to a developer's size." (Pricing Reply Comments at 10.)

104 Pay-for-performance refers to the payment mechanism wherein projects are paid upon delivery of the product (i.e., electricity), with no payment when there is a failure to perform.

105 RD&D might, for example, be funded by private companies, private foundations, industry-funded entities (e.g., Electric Power Research Institute), universities, venture capital funds, or government (e.g., CEC's Public Interest Energy Research (PIER) Program). We generally agree with TURN that: "It [RAM] should not be revisioned as an RD&D program. There are existing state subsidy programs for renewable technology development (PIER) and for on-site installations of wind, fuel cells and CHP generation to offset on-site load (SGIP). This is not the role of the RAM, which is intended to provide a more streamlined and certain procurement route for small renewable projects." (Pricing Reply Comments at 6.)

106 Pricing Reply Comments at 10.

107 August 2009 Proposal at 8.

108 March 2009 Proposal at 11.

109 GPI recommends cost-of-generation based fixed-price tariffs. (Pricing Reply Comments at 5.) Generation costs vary by technology. A cost-of-generation based fixed-price tariff would therefore require different tariffs by technology.

110 We encourage IOUs to diversify resource portfolios to reasonably manage risk. For example, resource portfolios should be composed of a reasonable mix across all relevant variables. Relevant variables might include length of contract (such as short term, medium term, long term), pricing terms (such as flexibility in relationship to market, with fixed prices over a 20-year contract for some purchases and prices subject to periodic adjustment over a 20-year contract in other purchases), ownership type (e.g., purchases from IPPs versus utility-owned generation within our adopted hybrid market approach), and others that result in reasonable risk management and diversification in order to have a robust resource portfolio.

111 ED identifies seven technologies: geothermal, biomass, biogas, fuel cells using renewable fuels, solar PV, solar thermal, wind. (August 2009 Proposal at 8.) There is also in-conduit hydro, ocean wave, and there are likely others.

112 SA recommends 75% of initial program capacity be allocated to the peaking as-available product on the basis that solar PV has the greatest potential to reach wide-scale penetration at the distribution level. (Pricing Comments at 13-14.) We lack adequate data on the other six or more technologies to make a reasonably informed decision.

113 For example, in the RPS annual bid solicitation, PG&E seeks four products: as-available, peaking, baseload and dispatchable. (See PG&E 2010 Solicitation Protocol, June 2, 2010 at 7-8.) PG&E defines these as:

"As-available" (or non-firm) said more generally is energy or capacity deliveries that are intermittent for any reason (e.g., wherein the seller does not commit to specific deliveries due to uncontrollable fuel source or any other reason). In contrast to as-available (non-firm), the other three products involve various delivery requirements or degrees of "firmness."

114 For example, if a wind project seeks to bid in as a non-firm peaking product, one potential way of providing some level of assurance that the project will actually produce energy on-peak is to require the project to provide some minimum level of meteorological data demonstrating that the times when the wind resource is available coincide with on-peak periods.

115 Selections which include subjective elements (e.g., least cost-best fit - LCBF) are left to other programs (e.g., IOU voluntary programs, bilateral negotiations).

116 An IOU should, for example, reject a firm product bid from a resource that submits a generation profile inconsistent with a firm product.

117 A seller unable to execute the standard agreement within 15 days after notification is ineligible to continue with the RAM. The buyer and seller may proceed with other options (e.g., next RAM auction, bilateral negotiations, annual RPS competitive solicitation, QF market, CAISO day-ahead market).

118 PG&E Pricing Comments at 15-16.

119 Pricing Comments at 6.

120 Pricing Comments at 2.

121 The highest reasonable cost would likely be the IOU's cost to provide the same product by utility owned generation.

122 § 454,5(d)(2). Cost recovery is predetermined to be reasonable and is assured subject to Commission review of IOU contract administration.

123 If approved under those procedures, the IOU also has assurance of cost recovery, subject to Commission review of contract administration.

124 See D.09-06-049 at 30, 28. Also see D.10-04-052, Appendix A at 2. It is also less than the proposed cost cap of $0.235/kWh for SDG&E's solar PV program. (See July 13, 2010 Proposed Decision of ALJ Ebke in Application 08-07-017.) The maximum SPT adopted here is $0.21636/kWh (which is 150% of the MPR ($0.14424/kWh) for a 25-year contract beginning in 2021). (For MPR see Resolution E-4298 issued December 18, 2009.) We said regarding the PG&E PV Program: "A price cost cap for PPAs will ensure that the costs of the PV Program are not excessive and should be adopted." (Conclusion of Law 6 in D.10-04-052 at 77.) We said regarding the SCE PV Program: "At the same time, capping the price paid to IPP projects at 100% of SCE's LCOE [levelized cost of electricity] provides reasonable protection to ratepayers against the total cost of the program." (D.09-06-049 at 38.)

125 See Resolution E-4298, issued December 18, 2009.

126 That is, for example, 10-year SPT for a 10-year contract, 15-year SPT for a 15-year contract, 20-year SPT for a 20-year contract.

127 See each existing FIT for TOD definitions. The periods differ by IOU. (SCE's FIT (existing) calls these TOU periods, but they are treated here the same as TOD periods.) In summary:

· PG&E summer is June 1-September 30; winter is October 1-February 28, other is March 1-May 31. The summer on-peak is Monday-Friday (except certain holidays) from 1 p.m. to 8 p.m.

· SCE summer is June 1-September 30; winter is October 1-May 31. The summer on-peak is Monday-Friday (except certain holidays) from noon to 6 p.m.

· SDG&E summer is July 1-October 31; winter is November 1-June 30. The summer on-peak is Monday-Friday (except certain holidays) from 11 a.m. to 7 p.m.

128 There is no must-take obligation for projects priced above the SPT. The IOU may elect to pursue the project, however, and submit the contract for normal Commission review.

129 Profit variability can be a function of how closely rates align with the IOU's costs and changes in those costs driven by changes in sales. Said generically, it depends upon whether the marginal revenue (the price for the last unit sold) is equal to the marginal cost (the cost for the last unit sold).

130 "All-in" refers to the inclusion of all fixed costs (e.g., capital) and all variable costs (e.g., fuel, labor, supplies, materials).

131 See, for example, PG&E 2009 Solicitation Protocol, Attachment H (Form of Power Purchase Agreement), Section 4.8 and Appendix XIV (Additional Dispatchable Product Provisions and Capacity Price terms), with payment by monthly time of availability and minimum availability factors. Also see SDG&E 2009 RPS Procurement Plan, Appendix B5, Section 4.1 with the capacity price adjusted by a monthly shaping factor and availability adjustment factor.

132 At the time of the Ruling, no decision had been made on the type of expanded FIT that might be adopted. Options included: (a) an expansion of the existing FIT from 1.5 MW to 20 MW at a fixed price (e.g., MPR), (b) the ED proposed RAM or (c) any other FIT recommended by a party. Parties were asked to identify or address: the stakeholders with respect to the expanded FIT, stakeholder interests, candidate price components for the expanded FIT, best combination of price components to meet stakeholder interests, and whether or not the Commission should state a preference or a requirement for certain price components. Parties were asked to comment on five possible rate designs and state anything else necessary for a complete consideration of the issues. Finally, parties were asked to state a specific recommended price structure (rate design) for the expanded FIT.

133 Parties responded to the ALJ Ruling by voting on price structure with the price components identified in the Ruling. (Pricing Joint Comments at 4.) The majority support the use of energy rates: 20 out of 24 party votes for pricing structure elements are for the energy rate (cents/kWh), two for fixed payment (dollars/customer) and two for adjustments (e.g., tied to an index). (Id., Attachment A at 3.)

134 Pricing Comments at 6.

135 GPI Pricing Comments at 8. Recurrent Pricing Reply Comments at 11.

136 Pricing Comments at 14. An escalation factor, for example, might be a specific price index, fixed percentage, or formula that is applied to the first-year bid price to yield the second-year price, and similarly applied every year thereafter.

137 Price escalation is also allowed in the annual competitive bid solicitation. SCE and SDG&E, for example, permit bidders to include escalation factors with bids. PG&E does not allow use of escalation factors, but achieves the same result by permitting bidders to bid different (escalating) prices each year over the contract term.

138 For example, we used the Electric Revenue Adjustment Mechanism (ERAM) to decouple sales from revenues for many years, now applied more generically in various revenue adjustment mechanisms.

139 A solar PV project, for example, may have high fixed costs and low variable costs, resulting in a high ratio of fixed to variable costs. In comparison, a biomass project may have high fixed costs but also high variable costs, resulting in a comparatively lower ratio of fixed to variable costs.

140 Pricing Comments at 24.

141 We have encouraged IOUs to explore and propose continuous procurement pursuant to RPS Procurement Plans, and we encourage IOUs to do the same for the RAM. (See D.06-05-039 at 56 regarding annual RPS Procurement Plans.)

142 March 2009 Proposal at 9.

143 A seller, for example, may not sell separate portions of generation to multiple programs or in multiple PPAs.

144 See D.07-07-027 at 36-37.

145 D.08-02-010 at 6-8. Those objectives include promoting stable electricity prices, protecting public health, improving environmental quality, stimulating sustainable economic development, creating new employment opportunities, and reducing dependence on imported fuels. (§ 399.11(b).)

146 Integrated system planning, for example, can be successfully performed whether electricity generation is on the "customer side" or the "utility side" of the meter.

147 T&C Comments at 3.

148 T&C Comments at 6.

149 August 2009 Proposal at 9.

150 Pricing Comments at 9.

151 Pricing Comments at 9-10.

152 Pricing Reply Comments at 9.

153 Pricing Comments at 14.

154 Pricing Comments at 7.

155 Pricing Comments at 11-12.

156 Pricing Comments at 10.

157 We suggest the use of seller concentration as one of several potential measures of market competition in our discussion below of the data necessary to measure competition. It is identified there as one potential measure, not as a direct factor in acceptance or rejection of bids.

158 August 2009 Pricing Proposal at 9.

159 Advice letter 2364-E (process and criteria for evaluating IPP PV offers) resulting from D.09-06-49 (approving SCE's solar photovoltaic program). See SCE Pricing Comments at 7-8.

160 Pricing Comments at 12.

161 Pricing Comments at 7.

162 Pricing Comments at 8-9.

163 Pricing Comments at 9.

164 D.09-06-049 at 40. Resolution E-4299 at 5 - 7. D.10-04-052 at Ordering Paragraphs 9 and 10.

165 LSEs must meet annual procurement targets as part of their obligations under the RPS program. Flexible compliance permits an LSE to apply excess procurement in one year to subsequent years, or inadequate procurement in one year to no more than the following three years. (§ 399.14(a)(2)(C).)

166 March 2009 T&C Proposal at 5.

167 See, for example, PG&E T&C Comments at 6-7; SDG&E T&C Comments at 17-18; SCE T&C Reply Comments at 4.

168 An LSE may earmark the energy from a signed contract, or a pool of contracts, to fill part, or all, of a forecast future deficit. Earmarking must be accomplished by certain deadlines for the energy to apply to the forecast deficit within the following three years. For purposes of flexible compliance, FIT contracts work the same way as contracts that originate from RPS solicitations or bilateral negotiations. As long as the FIT contract is executed by the earmarking deadline, and is scheduled to deliver within three years of the deficit year, it can be used for flexible compliance.

169 March 2009 Proposal at 7.

170 Pricing Comments at 9.

171 VSI Pricing Reply Comments at 6; SA Pricing Reply Comments at 4.

172 See § 399.20(f), which became § 399.20(h) on January 1, 2010. Also see the REC issue discussion in D.07-07-027 at 33-34.

173 August 2009 Proposal at 8-9.

174 T&C Comments at 4.

175 T&C Comments at 3.

176 T&C Comments at 4.

177 The project forfeits its development security deposit, for example.

178 The MW program limit would be a constraint, for example, if projects remain at a price below the SPT but selection is limited by the program capacity limit. In this case, the IOU should be more cautious about granting an extension since other price competitive projects are available.

179 T&C Comments at 8.

180 The penalty, for example, would be forfeiture of deposits, and incurrence of additional cost and risk of another RAM auction or annual bid solicitation.

181 T&C Comments at 10.

182 Examples of delay outside the developer's control with appropriate justification might be: regulatory delay but the project must show that it filed applications timely, paid fees timely, and is responsibly pursuing the application; financing delays but the project must show it applied for funds timely and is responsibly pursuing financing; equipment delivery delays but the project must show that it ordered equipment timely and continues to responsibly seek equipment acquisition.

183 For example, two six-month extensions granted by the IOU may be reasonable if a project is then brought on line within the three-year flexible compliance period.

184 See, for example, Sustainable Conservation T&C Comments at 7; Redwood Renewables T&C Comments at 5.

185 See, for example, Recurrent Pricing Comments at 7.

186 See SCE T&C Reply Comments at 6.

187 It is informative to compare this to the development deposit in the current RPS annual solicitation. Current PG&E annual solicitation protocols require a deposit of $15/kW (between agreement execution and Commission approval), then increased to $100/kW for several products up to the COD. (See PG&E Protocol and D.09-06-018 at 55.) SCE requires a short-list deposit of $3/kW increased to $30/kW (intermittent) and $60/kW (baseload) up to the COD. (See SCE Protocol and D.09-06-018 at C-11.) SCE proposes in its 2010 RPS Procurement Plan that the development security be increased from $30/kW to $60/kW for intermittent resources, and $60/kW to $90/kW for baseload resources.

188 T&C Reply Comments at 5.

189 T&C Comments at 7.

190 A deposit is not required, but performance must be consistent with good utility (or prudent electrical) practices, the project must secure liability insurance, and poor project performance may result in the project owner paying damages to the IOU based on direct, actual losses. See, for example, PG&E § 399.20 PPA at Sections 4.6, 6.0 and 8.0. Also see SCE Renewable and Alternative Power Agreement and SDG&E Renewable Power Agreement at Sections 5.4, 8.0 and 9.0.

191 In this case, the project's development deposit is refunded, and is not applied to the performance deposit.

192 The $20/kW development deposit is applied to the performance deposit.

193 Those damages might include the cost of replacement power, for example.

194 T&C Reply Comments at 6-7.

195 The least expensive project is about $2,000/kW. (See Chapter above on Pricing Approach.)

196 It is informative to compare this to the performance deposit in the current RPS annual solicitation. Current PG&E annual solicitation protocols for any size project require a deposit of 5% of average expected project revenue (expressed as six months revenue for a 10-year contract, nine months revenue for a 15-year contract and one year revenue for a 20-year contract). (See PG&E Protocol June 29, 2009 at 23.) SCE requires a deposit for any size project of 5% of the notional value of the total energy payments expected during the term of the agreement, but not less than $1,000,000. (SCE Procurement Plan, July 17, 2009, Appendix E at 31.) SDG&E requires a delivery term security for any size project of $15/MWh times twice the annual estimated energy amount. (SDG&E Procurement Plan, June 22, 2009, Appendix A at 25.)

197 T&C Comments at 9.

198 Assume the investment cost for a five MW project is $3,000/kW, making the investment cost $15 million. If the project capacity factor is 33% and the FIT rate is $0.10/kWh, the total revenue over 20 years for a 20-year contract is $28.9 million. A performance deposit of 5% requires a deposit of $1.45 million. We are not persuaded that financing $16.45 million rather than $15 million is so difficult as to justify a different or no performance deposit. On the other hand, a deposit of $1.45 million reasonably provides additional incentive for good performance and collateral against potential damages caused by project non-performance or failure.

199 T&C Comments at 9.

200 That is, each year the project must deliver about 70% of its forecast annual net energy production.

201 March 2009 Proposal at 11.

202 T&C Comments at 11-13.

203 T&C Reply Comments at 7-8.

204 March 2009 Proposal at 11-12.

205 March 2009 Proposal at 12.

206 T&C Comments at 9.

207 T&C Comments at 7.

208 T&C Comments at 9.

209 For example, we have no specific evidence that the IOU's risk of property damage covered by general liability insurance increases with project size, and whether the relationship, if any, is or is not linear.

210 T&C Reply Comments at 7.

211 T&C Reply Comments at 9-10.

212 March 2009 Proposal at 11.

213 Pricing Reply Comments at 5-6.

214 Termination is not permissible if the change is not material, thereby preventing arbitrary action by the IOU.

215 A change in local law may not be subject to the same legislative/executive branch structure, but will involve local authority (such as city councils and mayors), and is subject to judicial review.

216 March 2009 Proposal at 5.

217 Pricing Comments at 21.

218 While it would be a rare event, a Tier 1 advice letter which raises concerns can be suspended by ED on ED's own initiative, or after a protest. If only one or some contracts raise concerns, ED may suspend Commission approval of just those contracts within the Tier 1 advice letter while the others go into effect.

219 August 2009 Proposal at 9.

220 We would normally require service of reports on the service list. We do not do so here. We expect these reports to continue for many years. The service list will become stale over time. The requirement that the IOU post the report on its website, along with information about report timing, provides a better method of providing timely public access to this information than would a requirement of service on a service list.

221 August 2009 Proposal at 9.

222 "Competition has a particular meaning in terms of economic theory. The problem here is simple. The existing markets for renewable energy in California are not competitive in the economist's sense of the word. Not even close." (Pricing Comments at 4.)

223 See, for example, VSI Pricing Reply Comments at 3-4.

224 Four requirements for a perfectly competitive market are: (a) homogenous product; (b) all participants (buyers and sellers) are price takers, and no participant can influence the price; (c) perfect information; (d) unencumbered flow of resources (inputs and outputs). Each IOU's candidate definitions must address these factors.

225 Pricing Comments at 13.

226 Pricing Comments at 13.

227 VSI Pricing Comments at 10; SA Pricing Comments at 15.

228 Pricing Reply Comments at 4.

229 For example see November 2, 2009 Amended Scoping Memo and Ruling of Assigned Commissioner Regarding 2010 RPS Procurement Plans, Attachment A at 3.

230 August 2009 Proposal at 10.

231 Pricing Comments at 5.

232 VSI Pricing Comments at 10; TURN Pricing Reply Comments at 9.

233 Pricing Comments at 18.

234 Pricing Comments at 13-14.

235 Those are departing direct access customers, CCA customers, new Western Area Power Administration and split wheeling departing load customers, and departing load associated with a large municipalization. (D.08-09-012, Ordering Paragraphs 1 and 3.)

236 D.10-04-052 at 69.

237 Pricing Comments at 12-13.

238 Pricing Reply Comments at 6-7.

239 Under full buy/sell, the customer sells its entire output to the utility, and buys back the electricity it needs to meet its load. Under excess sales, the customer sells only the electricity that is excess to its own needs.

240 The other four utilities (PacifiCorp, Sierra, Mountain Utilities, Bear Valley) must offer to purchase pursuant to full buy/sell, and may offer to purchase via excess sales.

241 This was originally § 399.20(c), and pursuant to SB 32 is now § 399.20(f).

242 Initial FIT Comments at 11.

243 Initial FIT Comments at 10.

244 The customer's peak demand may be measured over any period (e.g., one minute, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour). The historical demand may be calculated over many different periods (e.g., the single highest demand in a selected day, week, month or year; or it may be averaged over those periods).

245 Initial FIT Comments at 16.

246 We expanded the program from water and wastewater to other customers, and specified the expansion to generally be on the same terms. Several parties noted that this did not necessarily require the customer to also be the owner and operator of the facility. PG&E, for example, required the seller to be a customer, but did not require the seller to own and operate the facility.

247 Initial FIT Comments at 12.

248 Initial FIT Comments at 12.

249 Initial FIT Comments at 11.

250 Initial FIT Comments at 13.

251 The issue of economic curtailment has been raised in this proceeding in relationship to the 2010 Procurement Plans. It is not addressed in this order. IOUs should not, until the Commission addresses the resolves the issue, include economic curtailment provisions in the RAM tariff.

252 § 399.20, implemented and expanded to other customers by D.07-07-027, D.08-02-010 and D.08-09-033.

1 August 27, 2009 Ruling, Attachment B, Item 12 at page 4 (also identified as Example D).

2 SCE Pricing Comments at 18-19.

3 This assumes, as noted by SCE, that security requirements and contract sanctions (e.g., deposits, damages) are sufficient to prevent an owner from ceasing operations and seeking other opportunities to sell its power.

4 The price comparison confuses long-run and short-run (e.g., the market-based price for a 20-year contract (long-run) compared to the market-based price for a transaction of less duration (short-run, such as one day, one week, or one month); the comparison generally shows that the market-based long-run contract price is "too high" or "too low" compared to the market-based short-run price). The price comparison also confuses one long-run price with a different long-run price (e.g., market-determined contract price based on supply and demand in year x for a contract of "y" years duration compared to the market-determined contract price based on supply and demand in year x+5 for a contract of "y" years duration).

5 If California's investment in the smart grid is successful, for example, California may be able to move the "peaking" part of the summer on-peak load to another period. If plug-in hybrid automobiles become a significant portion of California's vehicle fleet, demand in the off-peak period may grow substantially, perhaps changing the on-peak period, or at least altering TOD allocation factors. If storage technologies are successful, this may further alter demand and supply, thereby changing TOD periods or allocation factors (e.g., if plug-in hybrid automobiles are able to sell electricity back to the gird).

6 See, for example, Recurrent Pricing Comments at 15.

7 Some ratepayers would like the certainty of a rate fixed for the long term (e.g., 20 years). Similar tensions would occur, however, if the Commission set IOU ratepayer rates for the long-term. IOUs would face the risk of rates not recovering costs, recovering too much cost, or being out-of-alignment with TOD periods. We balance competing interests and adjust ratepayer rates periodically (e.g., via general rate cases every three years, or balancing accounts every year). We do not set ratepayer rates for 20 years, however (even though ratepayers make capital investment decisions for electricity consuming products which have product lives of 20 or more years).

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